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Nutrition Midterm
Topic I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the science of food and other substances in it, their action, interaction, and balance in relation to health and disease? | Nutrition |
| What is a combination of nutrients that are responsible to produce energy, build or repair body tissues, and regulate body processes? | Food |
| What are the 3 broad functions of a living organisms? | energy, build or repair, and regulate |
| What are 6 non-nutrients? | Alcohol, Nicotine, Caffeine, preservatives, coloring agents, phytochemicals. |
| What is the best non-nutrient? | phytochemical |
| What are phytochemicals and are they beneficial to humans? | They are plant chemicals isolated from plants that rae beneficial to humans. |
| What are 5 examples of phytochemicals? | Allium sulfides, Capsaicin, Carotenoids, Indoles, Isoflavones |
| What phytochemical is found in garlic and onions and is an antibiotic? | Allium sulfide |
| What phytochemical is in hot pepper and is an antibiotic and anticancer agent? | Capsaicin |
| What phytochemical is in carrots, tomatoes, sweet potatos, and dark greens and is also an anti-oxidant? | Carotenoids |
| What phytochemical is in brocoli, vegetables, brussel sprouts and is an anticancer agent? | Indoles |
| What phytochemical is in soybens, peanuts, soymilk and is an anti-dermatitis agent? | Isoflavones |
| What phytochemicals are antibiotic? | Allium sulfides and Capsaicin |
| What phytochemicals are anti-cancer agents? | Capsaicin and Indoles |
| What is action? | ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion |
| Is interaction between nutrients understood? | no |
| What two things lead to an imbalance in homeostasis? | deficiency and toxicity |
| What can deficiency and toxicity lead to? | disease/disorder |
| What is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 degree celcius? | Calorie |
| What are chemical substances in food? | Nutrients |
| What are the 6 major groups of nutrients? | carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water |
| What is the most important group? | water |
| How do you calculate body weight? | 100lbs=5 feet; additional inches in females (5lbs) and in males (6lbs) |
| How do you calculate the normal range? | +/- 10% of body weight |
| How do you calculate the ideal weight? | Lowest number of range=couch potato/small frame; Middle number of range=moderate/medium frame; Highest number of range=active/large frame |
| WHat is overweight? | up to 20% of the upper limit of normal |
| What is obese? | Greater than overwight number due to excess fat |
| What does it mean to be normal overweight? | greater than overweight number due to excess muscle |
| What is the energy required to maintain your activities at rest? | Energy required for Basal Metabolism |
| How do you calculate EBM for females? | 10 kcal/lb of IDEAL BODY WEIGHT |
| How do you calculate EBM for males? | 11 kcal/lb of IDEAL BODY WEIGHT |
| How do you calculate Total Energy Requirements? | TER = BM + Activity |
| What % is used for a sedentary activity / small frame? | 25% of BM |
| What % is used for moderate activity / medium frame? | 50% of BM |
| What % is used for active activity / large frame? | 75% of BM |
| How many kcal does 1 lb of body fat equal? | 3500 kcal |
| What is a process of breakdown of food particles in the Alimentary tract? | Digestion |
| What parts of the body represent the Alimentary tract? | Mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI, rectum, anus |
| What parts of the body represent the gut/git? | stomach, SI, LI |
| What are the 2 types of digestion? | Physical & Chemical |
| What two things make up physical digestion? | Mastification in the oral cavity & Peristalsis in the SI/LI |
| What makes up chemical digestion and is the most important and predominant? | Hydrolysis in mouth, stomach, and SI |
| What are the 3 types of Absorption? | Active transport, Fascilitated Diffusion, Diffusion |
| What type of absorption is energy mediated and what is an example? | Active, glucose |
| What type of absoroption is a carrier and what is an example? | Fascilitated diffusion, fructose |
| What type of absorption is due to osmosis and what is an example? | Diffusion, water |
| What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely an abscence of a disease or disorder? | Health |
| What are the 3 broad functions of nutrients? | Energy producers, Builders or Repaires, Regulators or Coordinators |
| What 3 nutrients are energy producers? | Carbs, Fats, Proteins |
| What is the best energy producer because is the primary fuel for brain, lungs, and RBCs? | Carbs |
| What energy producer is primary fuel for heart muscle and is the most utilized source? | Fat |
| What energy producer is a metabolically expesive source and should be spared? | Proteins |
| How many kcal does 1 gram of Carbs equal? Fats? Proteins? | Carbs(4), Proteins(4), Fats(9) |
| What are monosaccharide, disaccharides, and polysachharides characteristic of? | Carbs |
| What are saturated, monosaturated, and polysaturated characteristic of? | Fats |
| What are complete and incomplete characteristic of? | Proteins |
| What 3 nutrients are builders or repairers? | Proteins, Minerals, Water |
| Where are proteins found? | in all body cells |
| Where are minerals found and what minerals are used for building/repairing? | in bones and teeth; Ca, P, F |
| What % of body weight is water? | 66% |
| Are all body enzymes proteins? | yes |
| What are the 5 regulators/coordinators? | Proteins, minerals, water, vitamins, fiber |
| What nutrient is enzymes and hormones? | proteins |
| What nutrient is a cofactor? | minerals |
| What nutrient is a solvent? | Water |
| What nutrient is a coenzyme? | vitamin |
| What nutrient is important for peristalsis? | fiber |
| How do you calculate 1 pound of carbohydrates? | 4 X 454 = 1816kcal |
| How do you calculate 1 ounce of proteins? | 4 X 28 = 112kcal |
| How do you calculate 1 pound of fat? | 9 X 454 = 4086kcal |
| What determines if some one is a normal eater? | eatin 2-3 meals a day |
| What determines if some one is a nibbler? | eathing more than 3 meals a day |
| What determines if some one is a gorger? | eating one meal a day |
| In a sample of 500 individuals, physically active persons showed a tendency to be what kind of eaters? | nibblers |
| Obese individuals tended to show what kind of eating tendencies? | gorged more |
| Do single people have less regular dietary habits than married people? | yes |
| What are 2 things food gorging is associated with? | cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption |
| What are 5 consequences of gorging? | enlargement of stomach and SI, Increased digestion and absorption of fat due to increased activity of lipolytic enzymes, Enhanced absorption of glucose per unit time, Increases serum insulin, Enhanced synthesis of cholesterol |
| What is the difference of eating white bread versus wheat bread? | Wheat bread has far more nutrients than white bread. |
| In white bread, what 2 things are decreased that can cause skin problems? | Polyunsaturated fat and Niacin(B3) |
| A decrease in what 3 nutrients in white bread can cause fatigue? | Panto. Acid (B5), Folic Acid (B9), Iron |
| A decrease in what 2 nutrients in white bread can cause cancer? | Vitamin E and Selenium |
| What are the top 6 killers in humans? | Heart Disease, Constipation/Colon & Rectal Cancer, Stroke, Liver Disease, Pancrease/Obesity, Kidney/too much proteins |
| How many glasses of milk should one drink per day? | 2 |
| What types of meats should one eat? What has less fat and cholesterol? | Lean meats in poultry and seafood |
| How could one get a mutual supplementation of proteins? | cereals and legumes |
| How many fruits and vegetable should one eat a day and which are really good? | 3-4; citrus fruits, tomatoes, dark green or yellow veggies |
| Should one eat whole grain products or refined bread? | whole grain |
| What type of oil shoul one use for cooking? | corn oil or sunflower oil |
| How much water should one drink per day? | 6-8 glasses |
| What are a few things one should avoid? | processed foods, sweets, pastries, soft drinks |
| How should one eat regarding meals? | do not skip breakfast and eat small more frequent meals...nibbler |
| What type of exercise should one do? | light to moderate, 20 minutes/7days a week |
| How long should someone sleep each night? | at least 6 hours |
| Why should someone avoid stress? | stress leads to increased oxidation and excretion of B vitamins and vitamin C |
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SparkleBabies
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