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7th grade Final
Final Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Louisiana Purchase | France’s Napoleon offered Livingston and Monroe all of Louisiana to buy rather then New Orleans; Lewis and Clark are later sent to explore the new lands; largest land purchase in US history; Jefferson worried because he did not think he had the Constituti |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition | purpose was to map a new route to the Pacific Ocean, find information on plant and animal life in the West, increase knowledge of Native Americans in the West |
| Judicial Review | power of the supreme court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional; established by the case Marbury v. Madison |
| Mississippi River | important to farmers because it helped them ship their goods to market through New Orleans |
| Embargo Act | Ban on trade; ordered by Jefferson in response to British impressments of our troops; used to try to force Britain and France to respect American neutrality |
| Results of the War of 1812 | Americans felt more pride in the US; British agreed to stop fighting with the US |
| Tribute | Payment in return for protection |
| War Hawks | supporters of the War of 1812 |
| Tecumseh | Encouraged Native Americans to unite against the white settlers |
| Continental Divide | separates river systems flowing in opposite directions; the Rocky Mountains |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | gave the United States control of Florida |
| National Bank | Jackson believed this only benefited the wealthy |
| High Tariffs | supported by the north because they had a lot of factories; opposed by the South because they had fewer factories |
| Monroe Doctrine | warned European Nations to stay out of Latin American affairs; this was intended to protect newly independent nations in Latin America |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| The Liberator | Name given to Simon Bolivar for leading independence movements in Latin America |
| Interstate Commerce | Trade between two or more states |
| Irish Immigration | Large numbers of Irish came to the US in the mid-1800’s because of the potato famine; treated harsh in the US because most were members of the Catholic Church |
| Steam Engine(Power)- | Invented by James Watt; allowed factories to be built anywhere; steam power was better then water power |
| Discrimination | Treating someone different because of their race; blacks were denied equal opportunities in education, jobs, housing, and many other areas in society; there were also not allowed to serve on juries |
| Slave Codes | laws passed to control the lives of slaves; made things like gathering in groups of more then 3 and getting an education illegal for slaves |
| Erie Canal | Allowed western farmers to ship their goods to New York City |
| Eli Whitney | Invented the Cotton Gin and Interchangeable Parts; the cotton gin caused slavery to grow quickly to 10 times its size by 1820 |
| Missouri Compromise | kept the number of free and slave states equal(11-11); Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free |
| Lowell Mills | Most of the workers were young single women |
| Clipper Ship | sleek fast moving ship that increased the speed of trade |
| Samuel Slater | Memorized plans to make steam powered textile mills and came to the US to make them |
| Immigration | Immigrants came for many reasons including to escape famine, revolutions, and for cheap land in the US |
| German Immigration | Failed revolutions caused many to come to the US for better opportunities and cheap land |
| Railroads | building became widespread by the mid-1800’s; an advantage was the fact they could be built almost anywhere; linked many towns with factories and city’s |
| Industrial Revolution | change in the ways goods were produced; production moved to factories with many machines and workers; started in the textile industry |
| Reform Movements | were a result of belief that people could improve themselves and society |
| Cotton | required a great deal of labor(slaves) |
| Robert Fulton | known as the inventor of the Steam Boat |
| Abolitionists Movement | Fight to end slavery in the South; feared by some Northerners who felt free slaves would take their jobs |
| Underground Railroad | Series of escape routes out of the South; conductors like Harriet Tubman knew the routes and would help guide slaves to freedom |
| American Painting | painted American landscapes |
| Horace Mann | pushed for improved education; believed it was necessary for democracy to work |
| 2nd Great Awakening | religious revival that stressed freewill(the belief that people can make their lives and society better) |
| Education | Northeastern states had the best opportunities for schooling and the most elementary schools, Massachusetts led the way |
| Women in the Early 1800’s | could receive a college education but it was difficult, did not hold political office |
| Frederick Douglas | speaker for the abolitionist movement who was a former slave |
| Mountain Men | explored much of the new territory of the west trapping and hunting for furs |
| Gold Rush | more then 80,000 people(Forty-niners) traveled to California in search of gold in 1849; Native American population dropped from 150,000 to 50,000 at the same time; tales of “mountain gold” attracted 1,000’s from China and other areas of the World |
| Oregon Trail | route taken by settlers looking to find farmland, take part in the fur trade, and spread Christianity |
| Alamo | Texans defended the Alamo while being greatly outnumbered, they were killed to the last man after holding off 6,000 Mexicans for almost 2 weeks; became an inspiration for many Americans to volunteer for the Texan army |
| New Spain | Spanish and Native Americans shared language, foods, and other customs creating a distinct culture in the Southwest |
| Mexican-American War | United States acquired New Mexico, and parts of Texas, Utah, California, Nevada, and Arizona |
| Manifest Destiny | belief that the United States was meant to extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific; was a cause of annexation of Oregon, the Mexican-American War, and Texas War of Independence |
| Brigham Young | Mormon leader who led settlers to Utah |
| Dictatorship | one person rule |
| Vigilante | self-appointed law officer |
| Land Grant | Government gift of land |
| California | When California was admitted as a free state it upset many southerners because it upset the balance between free and slave states in the Senate |
| Southerners | were dissatisfied with the election of Abraham Lincoln; seceded from the Union and attacked Fort Sumter starting the Civil War |
| Dred Scott Decision | Supreme court decision that stated that slaves were property and not citizens , even in a free territory |
| Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Series of debates between Lincoln and Douglas; Lincoln argued he did not want slavery to spread to the territories while Douglas believed in using popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery |
| Civil War | Causes included; election of 1860, secession of Southern states, Confederate attack on Fort Sumter |
| Compromise of 1850 | California is admitted as a free state, slave trade is banned in Washington DC, strict fugitive slave law is passed, popular sovereignty would decide the slave questions in the lands won from Mexico |
| Propaganda | misleading and sometimes false information meant to hurt one cause and further another cause |
| Popular Sovereignty | allows people to vote directly on issues like slavery |
| John Brown | murdered pro-slavery supporters in Kansas; raided the arsenal at Harpers Ferry trying to start a slave revolt; supported by many in the North which angered many in the South |
| African Americans | Volunteered to fight for the Union in large numbers; were not drafted by the North because politicians worried about turning northern whites against the war |
| Battle of Bull Run | Confederate Victory. Watched by many picnic goers. Showed that both sides still needed training |
| William Tecumseh Sherman | Captured Atlanta and led “March to the Sea” Used total war to destroy southern will to fight |
| Abraham Lincoln | Main goal was to reunite the nation |
| Clara Barton | Civil War nurse and founder of the American Red Cross |
| Emancipate | to set free |
| Effects of the Civil War | left the South in ruins; prices rose in both the North and the South |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederacy(South) |
| End of Slavery | Became a goal of the North in 1863 |
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