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Science Genetics
Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Are offspring that are the result of sexual reproduction ever identical to their parents? | No, because they receive half of their DNA from each parent, not all of it from one. |
| Define Fertilization | When a male sperm cell converges with a female egg cell |
| What organisms reproduce sexually? | Humans and Plants |
| What is the difference between identical twins and fraternal twins? | Identical twins have the same DNA and come from the same fertilized cell, fraternal twins do not |
| Who is Gregor Mendell and why was his work so important | He was the father of genetics-He discovered patterns in heredity and recognized dominance and recessive. |
| How are diseases inherited? | Your parent passes a disease-causing gene |
| Give an example of asexual reproduction. | Cloning, Cells splitting, strawberry plants, etc. |
| Is cloning asexual or sexual reproduction? Does it happen naturally? | Asexual reproduction; No |
| What is the difference between identical twins and cloning? | Identical Twins: Naturally occurs, two parents Cloning: Does not occur naturally, only one 'parent' |
| Where is genetic information found? | In the nucleus of the cell |
| Define mutation | An error in genetic coding that causes a gene to be reproduced slightly different from the original gene; happens randomly |
| Explain the following statement; Mutations can create variety. | Mutations happen randomly, and can introduce new traits (such as the color of your hair), making there be a variety in traits |
| What is a trade-off of being genetically tested? | Cost, Takes time, people could treat you differently, etc. |
| An organism that has only one kind of allele for a characteristic is called what? | Homozygous |
| An organism that has two kinds of alleles for a characteristic is called; | Heterozygous |
| Two parents are both carriers for a recessive genetic trait. Can their offspring ever have the genetic trait? (Think of a Punnet Square) | Yes, there would be a 25% chance of the child having the condition (In a Punnet Square, both the parents would be heterozygous) |
| How do you find the genotype of an individual? | Studying a pedigree |
| When studying a pedigree, how do scientists determine if a trait is recessive or dominant? | If it is recessive, it will usually skip a generation. |
| What are the sex chromosomes? | XX=Girl XY=Boy |
| Why does a male determine the sex of an offspring? | They have both X and Y chromosomes (Females only have X chromosomes) |
| What is the genotype of an organism? | The combination of alleles they have. |
| What is a genetic disease? | A disease that can be passed on genetically |
| What are genes? | Inherited bits of information that determine your traits. |
| What is the chance a couple will have a baby boy? | 50% chance |
| What is a carrier? | Someone who carriers a disease-causing gene but does not show symptoms; is still capable of passing gene to offspring |
| What is the phenotype of an organism? | A trait that is physically shown |
| Bonus- Why did Medell use pea plants in his studies? | They produced a lot of offspring, they had simple dominant-recessive traits he could study... |
| Vocab- Inherited bits of information that are passed directly from parent cells to child cells | Genes |
| Vocab- A trait passed on from parents to children | Inherited |
| Vocab-Describes a specific characteristic- example: round face, blue eyes | Trait |
| Vocab- Used when referring to non-human organisms-example-seeds | Offspring |
| Vocab- Offspring produced by asexual reproduction. Inherits all of its traits from one parent. | Clone |
| Vocab- Female reproductive cells | Egg cell |
| Vocab- Science of heredity | Genetics |
| Vocab- The fusion of sperm and egg cells | Fertilizaton |
| Vocab- A gene can be reproduced slightly differently from the original gene- can cause the offspring to have a different trait from the parent | Mutation |
| Vocab- The sperm cell produced by male unites with egg cell produced by female | Sexual Reproduction |
| Vocab- Type of reproduction involving only one parent or cell in which organisms make exact copies of themselves | Asexual Reproduction |
| Vocab- Male reproductive cell | Sperm |
| Vocab- One observable or measurable feature of an organism | Characteristic |
| Vocab- Version of a gene | Allele |
| Vocab- A gene that is physically expressed (appears) over a recessive gene. | Dominant |
| Vocab-A gene that is not physically expressed (hidden) in the presence of a dominant gene. | Recessive |
| Vocab- By chance- Example: Selection of a lottery ticket is a random process | Random |
| Vocab- A person heterozygous for a recessive genetic condition. Such a person does not have the condition, but can pass on allele for it to his/her children. The recessive allele is hidden or masked. | Carrier |
| Vocab- Physical appearance or visible traits- Example: Tall or short | Phenotype |
| Vocab- An organism that has only one kind of allele for a characteristic- Example: TT, tt | Homozygous |
| Vocab- The condition of two alleles of the same gene, neither of which totally masks the other (Equal dominance) | Co-dominance |
| Vocab- Diagram you can use to show how likely each outcome of a breeding experiment is | Punnet Square |
| Vocab- Genetic makeup or allele combinations- Example: TT, Tt, tt | Genotypes |
| Vocab- DNA in a coiled, rod shape form that occurs during cell division | Chromosome |
| Vocab- The formation of cells from a parent cell | Cell Division |
| Vocab- Molecule that contains the information carried by the genes | DNA |
| Vocab- An organism that has alleles for two different traits- Example: Tt | Heterozygous |
| Vocab- The likelihood that a given event will occur by chance- Example: The probability of picking an ace of hearts out of a deck of cards is 1 out of 52 | Probablity |
| Vocab- Complete difference, unlikeness | Diversity |
| Vocab- The result when neither gene from a trait is dominant over the other gene; results in a blending of the two different traits- Example: red and white flowers produce pink flowers | Incomplete Dominance |
| Vocab- A record of marriages and births through several generations | Pedigree |
Created by:
21mcfadden
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