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Social Psychology
Social Psychology Modules 70 to 74
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Implicit personality theory | This is the general expectations that we build about a person after we know something of their central traits. Ex. John Wayne Gacey |
| Attitude | A learned tendency to respond to people, objects, or institutions is a positive or negative way. |
| Attribution | The process of making inferences about the causes of one's own behavior and that of others. |
| Actor observer discrepancy | The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal causes while attributing one's own behavior to external causes. |
| Blaming the victim (just-world hypothesis) | the tendency to attribute consequences to—or expect consequences as the result of—a universal force that restores moral balance. |
| Self-serving bias | people's tendency to attribute positive events to their own character but attribute negative events to external factors. |
| Self-effacing bias | attributing success to external factors and blaming failure on internal factors (the individual). |
| Social influence | changes in a person's behavior induced by the presence or actions of others. |
| Mere presence | The tendency for people to change their behavior just because the presence of others. |
| Social facilitation | The tendency to perform better when in the presence of others. |
| Social loafing | The tendency of people to work less hard when part of a group than when they are solely responsible for their work. |
| Conformity | Bringing one's behavior into agreement or harmony with the behaviors of others in a group in the absence of any direct pressure. |
| Obedience | Conformity to the demands of an authority. |
| Strength and Weakness of Implicit Personality Theory | Strength - Helps us function in our daily lives by allowing us to make quick judgments. Weakness - isn't always accurate. |
| The attractiveness bias | Physically attractive people are rated higher on intelligence, competence, sociability, morality. |
| Proof/examples of attractiveness bias | teachers rate attractive children as smarter, and higher achieving adults attribute cause of unattractive child’s misbehavior to personality, attractive child’s to situation judges give longer prison sentences to unattractive people |
| cognitive dissonance | the state of having inconsistent thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes, especially as relating to behavioral decisions and attitude change. |
| Dissonance reducing mechanism (1) | (1) Firming up an attitude to be consistent with an action once we’ve made a choice to do something, lingering doubts about our actions would cause dissonance, so we are motivated to set them aside |
| Dissonance reducing mechanism (2) | (2) Avoiding dissonant information, we attend to information in support of our existing views, rather than information that doesn’t support them, |
| What 2 variables play a role in our attraction to others? | Physical Proximity: Physical nearness to another person in terms of housing, school, work. Physical Attractiveness: Person’s degree of physical beauty as defined by his or her culture |
| Which is true: Bird of a feather flock together OR Opposites attract? | Homogamy; while we may be attracted to others who are our opposites on a surface level or in regards to superficial factors, long term relationships last due to the similarities of significant, core values. |
| What 3 characteristics did Sternberg focus on to categorize types of love? | Intimacy: Refers to feelings of connectedness and affection Passion: Refers to deep emotional and/or sexual feelings Commitment: Involves the determination to stay in a long-term relationship with another person |
| Sternberg’s Romantic Love | Marked by high levels of interpersonal attraction, sexual desire, and heightened arousal; beginning of a relationship |
| Sternberg’s Liking | Relationship based on intimacy and affection but lacking passion or deep commitment |
| Sternberg’s Companionate love | This form of love is more common among couples who have been together for a long time |
| Sternberg’s Consummate love | When we feel intimacy and passion for another person, and we are strongly committed to him or her |
| Sternberg’s Consummate love | When we feel intimacy and passion for another person, and we are strongly committed to him or her |
| Sternberg’s Empty love | Typical for arranged marriages (which tend to have very high success rates/low divorce) |
| Sternberg’s Infutuation | Infatuation is love at first sight. It's passion without intimacy or commitment which explains why it can dissapear as suddenly as it appeared. |
| What does evolutionary psychology say about human’s mate selection? | Buss (2004; 2007) found : Men prefer younger, more attractive partners Women prefer older, higher status, more successful partners Preferences may have evolved because of specific reproductive challenges faced by men and women |
| 2 types of social influence involved in conformity | Informational social influence: the idea that someone or everyone has information that you must not have. Normative social influence: the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them |
| Explain the results of Asch’s conformity study and the effect of a nonconformist. | 1/3 of the people chose the wrong answer to go along with the rest of the group. When someone went against the group, people were more likely to follow them than conform, suggesting they need support, or a leader. |
| Explain the results of Milgram’s obedience study. | 65% (two-thirds) of participants (i.e. teachers) continued to the highest level of 450 volts. All the participants continued to 300 volts. |
| What variables increase or reduce the influence of an authority figure? | proximity, visualization, presentation, perception of authority figure, and pressure |
| Explain Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study as related to obedience and roles. | Prisoners became passive/ guards frequently became brutal or allowed brutality. Guards are entitled to use force/ degradation - once a person has been degraded, it is easier to do anything you want to him/her. |
| Discuss prejudice in terms of in-group/out-group mentality and stereotypes. | In-group bias, tendency to make favorable attributions for members of our in-group; Out group the social group to which you do not belong Out group homogeneity effect, tendency to see members of the out-group as more similar to each other. |
| What is bystander apathy? | phenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. The probability of help is inversely related to the number of bystanders. |
| 5 ways to get help in a group of people? | Get person's attention Define need Define roles Diffuse responsibility Establish empathy or compassion |
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