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InflammationTeague
Inflammation Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Increased blood supply to a damaged area, increased vascular permeability and migration of leukocytes is what event in the inflammatory response? | Initiation |
| Activated immune cells secrete cytokines and chemokines, what event of the inflammatory response is this? | Amplification |
| As toxins and microbes are cleared the immune response dies down, what part of the inflammatory response is this ? | Termination |
| What are the "classical" signs of an inflammatory response? | Swelling, Pain, Redness, Heat and Loss of Function |
| Type of inflammatory response which is self limiting and often is characterized by entry of leukocytes, removal of microbe or damage and a decrease in inflammatory cells. Cellular and Soluble mediators clear this type of response? | Acute |
| A inflammtory response that is characterized by prolonged T cell and Macrophage presence. Blood vessel profliferation, damage and scarring are keys to this response, and often RA, Psoriasis are indicative? | Chronic |
| Type of leukocyte which is the first to leave for the site of infection? | Neutrophil |
| Type of lymphocyte which can secrete antibodies IGE secretion activates mast cells? | B cell lymphocytes |
| Type of lymphocyte which is characteristic of chronic response, can kill microbes and release cytokines | T cell lymphocyte |
| Type of cellular mediator which can engulf foreign particles, present them to T cells, Release cytokines and maintain fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Also present in chronic inflammation? | Macrophage |
| Type of cell that cross bridges IGE to release histamine? | Mast cells |
| Soluble mediator responsible for "loose binding" to endothelial cell and that is also responsible for guiding the movement of the leukoctyte. Includes IL-8, GRO, IP-10 | Chemokine |
| What are the three types of chemokines? | IL-8, IP-10 and GRO |
| Types of cells responsible for increasing endothelial adhesion, Activation of leukocytes, cytokines and fever ? | Proinflammatory |
| What are examples of Proinflammatory Mediators? | IL-1, IL-12, IFN-y and TNF-a |
| What kind of soluble mediator is a C-Reactive protein made in the liver by TNF-a , IL-1 and IL-6. This mediator activates c1q in the absence of specific antibodies and activates complement as well as binds to the LPS as opsonin? | Acute Phase Proteins |
| What are characteristics of acute Phase Proteins? | Made in Liver, activates complement by c1q and coats LPS as opsonin. |
| What is a vasoactive amine? | Histamine and produced from mast cells |
| Arachidonic acid metabolites are? | Secreted from macrophage include prostaglandins and leukotrienes |
| What is the function of CXCL8? | chemoattract which recruits leukocytes to the site of infection |
| What are 3 steps of leukocyte movement? | Margination, Transmigration (Diapadesis) , Chemotaxis |
| In margination which step is responsible for selectin "attatchment" and provides a loose attatchment? | Rolling on Endothelial Surfaces |
| In margination which step is responsible for transition of the integrin on leukocyte surface becoming high "affinity" | Integrin Activation by Chemokine |
| In margination which step is responsible for Integrins binding to the endothelial receptors ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 | Stable Adhesion |
| What are the integrins that bind to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 | LFA-1 and VLA-4 |
| What is Diapedesis? | When the integrin bound leukocyte migrates through the endothelial layer. Binding of chemokines and cytokines on leukocyte allows the the cytoskeleton to rearrange and pseudopodia to extend into the endothelia. |
| What is chemotaxis? | is a step in leukocyte movement often assisted by the presence of a chemoattractant. Bacterial peptides often secrete one specifically called N-FMLP, which is powerful for neutrophils and macrophages. Vasodilation is witnessed due to peptides, chemokines. |
| What is the name of the peptide which is a powerful attractant? | N-FMLP |
| What are 2 chemokine receptors and where are they found? | CXCR and CCR, they are found on the leukocyte |
| What are selectins and where are they found? | Surface molecules found on endothelia and leukocytes which bind carbs. Responsible for rolling lymphocytes |
| What are different types of selectins? | E selectins bind to the endothelial cell, P selectins bind to endothelial cells and platelets, L - Selectins are found on leukocytes |
| What are integrins and what are the receptors where are they found? | Integrins are found on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and they bind to receptors on the endothelia called VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 |
| What are the integrins found on Macrophages and Lymphocytes respectively and to what receptor do they bind? | MAC-1 and LFA-1 |
| what would a defect in the integrins listed above cause | Autoimmune disease LAD I ( Patients without it have defected leukocyte movement) |
| What would a disease in the Selectin Receptor cause? | LAD II ) deficiency in receptor sialyl lewis factor, which activates E- Selectin and P- Selectin |
| What is a PAMP? What does it initiate and what is its receptor? | Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern, innate response and the PRR is the receptor |
| What would excessive stimulation of a PRR cause? | Endotoxic shock |
| What are two examples of PRRs and where are they found? | Toll Like Receptors and NOBs , they are found inside Neutrophils, Macrophages and mast cells |
| What is something that binds to the TLR/CD14 on macrophages? What does it do? | LPS binds and activates the TLR/CD14 and its transcription factors AP-1 and NP-kb |
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