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ch25
chapter 25 out of many
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| Enrico Fermi | an Italian~born Nobel Prize winner that headed a team which produced the first chain reaction uranium under the University of Chicago |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | promoted a scientific élan that offset the military style of commanding general Leslie Groves |
| Benito Mussolini | seized power in 1922 and declared “We have buried the putrid corpse of liberty”, Italian Fascist dictator |
| National Socialist | also called Nazis, were led by Hitler, combined militaristic rhetoric with a racist doctrine of Aryan (Nordic) supremacy that claimed biological superiority for the blonde~haired and blue~eyed people of northern Europe and classified non~whites, including |
| degenerate races | non~whites and Jews |
| Hitler | became the chancellor of Germany in January 1933 with the backing of major industrialist and bout a third of the electorate |
| Ethiopia | invaded by Italy in 1935 |
| Rhineland | a region demilitarized by the Versailles treaty |
| Rome~Berlin Axis | a formal alliance between Italy and Germany |
| Lebensraum | living space for Germany’s growing population |
| Sudetenland | a part of Czechoslovakia bordering Germany which England and France allowed Germany to annex |
| Nuremburg Laws | notorious laws denying civil rights to Jews |
| Kristallnacht | “the Night of Broken Glass” when Nazis attacked Jewish homes, stores, hospitals, and orphanages |
| Norman Thomas | A socialist who gathered leading liberals and trade unionists into the Keep America Out of War Congress |
| Communist~influenced American League against War and Fascism | claimed more than 1 million members |
| Committee to Defend America First | formed to oppose U.S. intervention. was chaired by top Sears executive Robert E. Wood, also included Robert Young, Lillian Gish, Henry Ford, and Charles A. Lindbergh |
| Poland | war completely changed after Hitler invaded this country with whom Britain and France had an alliance with thus leading to them entering the war |
| blitzkrieg | German war tactic in WW2 (“lightning war”) involving the concentration of air and armored firepower to punch and exploit holes in opposing defensive lines |
| Neutrality Act of 1939 | permitted the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China |
| Selective Service Act of 1940 | first peacetime military draft which sent 1.4 million men to army training camps by July 1941 |
| Henry Wallace | vice presidential candidate with Roosevelt who won a third term using the slogan we will not “send your boys to any foreign war” |
| Wendell L. Willkie | Republican dark~horse candidate that lost to FDR in the 1940 elections |
| Axis power | the opponents of the United States and its allies in WW2 |
| Lend~lease act | an arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinery, and services to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the United States in WW2 |
| Winston Churchill | British Prime minister with whom FRD meet secretly to discuss common goals for the postwar world. |
| Atlantic Charter | Statement of common principles and war aims developed by President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime minister Winston Churchill at a meeting in August 1941 |
| Soviet Union | having set aside the Nazi~Soviet pact, Hitler resumed his quest for the entire European continent promising rich agricultural land to German farmers |
| Pearl Harbor | Japanese attack which caught American forces completely off guard |
| Jeannette Rankin | a pacifist who was the only one to vote against entering the war |
| War Powers Act | act that gave U.S. president the power to reorganize the federal government and create new agencies; to establish programs censoring news, information, and abridging civil liberties; to seize foreign~owned property; and award government contracts without |
| Supply Priorities and Allocation Board (SPAB) | oversaw the use of scarce materials and resources vital to the war, adjusting domestic consumption (even ending it for some products such as automobiles) |
| Office of Price Administration (OPA) | checked the threat of inflation by imposing price control |
| National War Labor Board (NWLB) | mediated disputes between labor and management |
| War Manpower Commission (WMC) | directed the mobilization of military and civilian services |
| Office of War Mobilization (OWB) | coordinated operations among all these agencies |
| Office of War Information (OWI) | created by the president to engage the press, radio, and film industry in an information campaign~in short, to sell the war to the American People |
| Henry Morgenthau, Jr. | Secretary to the Treasury who not only encouraged Americans to buy government bonds to finance the war but planned a campaign “to use bonds to sell the war, rather than vice versa” |
| Office of Strategic Service (OSS) | created by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to assess the enemy’s military strength, to gather intelligence information, and to oversee espionage activities |
| Colonel William Donovan | head of the OSS, engaged leading social scientists to plot psychological warfare against the enemy |
| Dr. Win the War | replaced the Dr. New Deal |
| War Production Board | formed by Roosevelt to “exercise general responsibility” |
| bracero | Spanish for arms |
| John Lewis | led a walkout of more than ½ million coal miners |
| Issei | the first generation of Japanese to come to America, starting in the late 1800s |
| Executive Order 9066 | authorized the exclusion of more than 112.000 Japanese Americans |
| War Relocation Authority | managed internment camp where the Japanese were forces to migrate to carrying only what they could carry |
| Japanese American Citizens League | charged that “racial animosity” rather than military necessity had dictated the internment policy |
| Korematsu v U.S. | upheld the constitutionality of relocation on grounds of national security |
| Double V | mobilizing not only for Allied victory but for their own rights as citizens |
| Executive order 8802 | banning discrimination in defense industries and government |
| Fair Employment Practices committee | heard complaints and redressed grievances of African Americans to stop the March on Washington |
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | formed by pacifists in 1942, staged sit~ins at Chicago, Detroit, and Denver restaurants that refused to serve African Americans. used nonviolent means to challenge racial segregation in public facilities |
| Packard Mother Car company | in 1942, 20,000 white workers at this company in Detroit walked out to protest the promotion of three black workers |
| Sojourner Truth Housing Project | 20 black families were placed here because they tried to move in front of Polish Americans and started riots |
| zoot suit | Mexican American teenagers wearing long~draped coats, pegged pants, pocket watches with oversized chains, and big floppy hats |
| Irving Berlin | wrote the best known tune of the era “White Christmas” evoked a large nostalgia of past celebrations with family and friends close by |
| Spike Jones | made his name with the “razz” or “Bronx Cheer” |
| Executive order M~217 | restricted the colors of shoes manufactured during the war to “black, white, navy blue, and 3 shades of brown” |
| National Registration Day | October 16, 1940, all men between the ages of 21 and 36 were legally obligated to register for military service |
| Douglas MacArthur | supreme commander in the Pacific theater, was said to admire the discipline of the German army and to disparage political democracy |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | supreme commander of the Allied forces in Europe, projected a new and contrasting spirit |
| George Marshall | was Army Chief of staff, opened schools for officer candidates |
| GIs (Government Issue) | vast majority of draftees, had limited contact with officers at the higher levels and instead forged bonds with their company commanders and men within their own combat units |
| Edith Nourse Rogers | proposed legislation for the formation of a women’s corps |
| Women’s Army Auxiliary corps (WAAC) | created in May 1942 and later changed its name to Women’s Army corps (WAC) |
| WAVES | Women’s Air force Service Pilots; also created the Marine corps Women’s Reserve |
| Henery Stimson | refused to challenge the segregation of blacks in the army |
| 761st Tank Battalion | first A.A. unit in combat, won a Medal of Honor after 183 days in action |
| 99th Pursuit Squadron | earned high marks in action against the feared German air force, the Luftwaffe |
| Nisei | U.S. citizens born of immigrant Japanese parents who served as interpreters and translators |
| Nisei 442nd | fought heroically in Italy and France and became the most decorated regiment in the war |
| Amzie Moore | helped to organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party |
| Twenty~seven Soldiers | (1944) a government~produced film for the troops showed Allied soldiers of several nationalities all working together in harmony |
| Private Eddie Slovik | first to be tried and executed for desertion since the Civil War |
| Dr. Charles Drew | invented the process for storing plasma |
| Red Cross Blood Bank | created four years ago, collected more than 13 million units of blood from volunteers, converted most it into dried plasma, and mad it readily available throughout European theater |
| Army Nurse Corps | created in 1901 was scarcely a military organization, with recruits earning neither military pay nor rank |
| Olfags and Stalags | camps where American POWs were taken back to and fed by the Swiss Red Cross |
| “Death March” | notorious 80 mile march through the jungles on the Bataan Peninsula in 1942 by the POWs in Japan |
| Camp O’Donnnell | former U.S. airbase where POWs were marched to |
| Imperial Army | Japanese army which placed it most strict troops as guard prisoners |
| Stalingrad | a major industrial city on the Volga River |
| Kursk | clash here developed into the greatest land battle in history |
| Erwin Rommel | head of British 8th Army which halted a major offensive by the German Afrika Korps |
| Operation Torch | a the allied invasion of Axis~held North Africa in 1942 |
| B~17 Flying Fortress | the air force possessed the ultimate weapon, “the mightiest bomber ever built” |
| Dresden | worst air raid of the war~ 650,000 incendiary bombs dropped on this German city |
| Operation Overlord | United States and British invasion of France in June 1944 during WW2 |
| D~Day | June 6, 1944, the day of the first paratroop drops and amphibious landing on the coast of Normandy, France, in the first stage of Operation Overlord |
| Charles de Gaulle | accompanied Allied troops, arrived in Paris on Aug. 25 to become president of the reestablished French Republic |
| Battle of the Bulge | German offensive in Dec. 1944 that penetrated deep into Belgium (creating a “bulge”). allied forces, while outnumbered, attacked from the north and south. by January 1945, German forces were destroyed or routed, but not without some 77,000 allied casualti |
| Eastern Front | the area of military operations in WW2 located east of Germany in eastern Europe and the Soviet Union |
| General Stillwell | arrived in March as commander of the China~Burma~India theater, the military mission there remained on the defensive |
| Admiral Chester Nimitz | commanded the central Pacific while MacArthur commanded the SW pacific |
| island hopping | the Pacific campaigns of 1944 that were the American navel versions of the Biltzkrieg |
| Battle of Leyte Gult | largest naval battle of in history |
| kamikaze | (divine winds) Japanese pilots flying suicide missions in planes with a 500 pound bomb and only enough fuel for a one~way flight |
| Holocaust | the systematic murder of millions of European Jews and others deemed undesirably by Nazi Germany |
| Atlantic charter | stated noble objectives for the world after the defeat of fascism: national self~determination, no territorial aggrandizement, equal access of all peoples to raw material and collaboration for the improvement of economic opportunities, freedom of the seas |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting of U.S. President Roosevelt, PM Churchill, and Soviet Premier Stalin held in Feb 1945 to plant he final stages of WW2 and post war arrangements |
| Henry Truman | a Kansas city political machine, Missouri Judge, and U.S. senator became president in 1945 |
| Potsdam Conference | conference held outside of Berlin, had a huge agenda for Germany |
| Army Air Force B~29 bomber Enola Gay | dropped the bomb that destroyed the Japanese city of Hiroshima |
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