A mechanical action of inhalation and exhalation that draws oxygen into lungs and releases cabon dioxide into the atmosphere
External Respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioide between the lungs and the blood stream
Internal Respiration
The exchange of gases between the tissues and blood
Egestion
Removal of undigested food
Septum
Separates the nasal cavity from right and left
Nares
The nostrils or nasal passages. Nares is the Latin plural of naris, meaning nostril.
Ethmoid
The ethmoid bone (from Greek ethmos, "sieve") is a bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain.
Sinuses
4 air filled spaces that open the nose. Located in frontal,ethmoid,shenoid & maxillary bones. Lined w/ mucus to lighten skull weight & helps in production of sound
Alveoli
air sacs in lungs
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue that keeps food from going into the trachea, or windpipe, during swallowing
Bronchioles
Bronchioles are small branches of the airways in your lungs.
Lobes
a usually somewhat rounded projection or division of a bodily organ or part
Bronchodilation
a widening of the lumen of the bronchi, allowing increased airflow to and from the lungs
Bronchoconstriction
: constriction of the bronchial air passages
Pneumothorax
a condition in which air or other gas is present in the pleural cavity and which occurs spontaneously as a result of disease or injury of lung tissue, rupture of air-filled pulmonary cysts, or puncture of the chest wall= collapse the lung
Hypervenentilation
Overbreathing is the state of breathing faster and/or deeper than necessary,
Phrenic nerve
Located @ C3 The phrenic nerve is made up mostly of motor nerve fibres for producing contractions of the diaphragm
External Intercostals
Muscles create a vaccume in the thorax that lower ribs are lifted up and out
Tuberculosis
caused by a bacterium, communicated by inhalation of the airborne causative agent, affects especially the lungs but may spread to other areas from local lesions or by way of the lymph or blood vessels- contagious
Hayfever
an acute allergic reaction to pollen that is usually seasonal
Emphysema
characterized by air-filled expansions in interstitial or subcutaneous tissues; a condition of the lung that is marked by distension and eventual rupture of the alveoli with progressive loss of pulmonary elasticity,
Cystic Fibrosis
appears usually in early childhood, is inherited as an autosomal recessive monogenic trait, involves functional disorder of the exocrine glands, and is marked especially by faulty digestion difficulty in breathing due to mucus accumulation in airways
Peritoneum
the smooth transparent serous membrane that lines the cavity of the abdomen,
Gastrointestinal tract
the stomach and intestine as a functional unit
Omentum
a fold of peritoneum connecting or supporting abdominal structures (as the stomach and liver)
Mesentery
one or more vertebrate membranes that consist of a double fold of the peritoneum and invest the intestines and their appendages and connect them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity;
Amylase
Found in saliva, to help break down carbohydrates
Rugae
folds in the stomach that expand when food is ingested
Bolus
A small mass of chewed food
Chyme
the semifluid mass of partly digested food expelled by the stomach into the duodenum
Pylorus
the opening from the stomach into the intestine
Illeum
The last 12'of the sm.intest.-connects to lg.@ the ileocecal valve. absorbsion of food to the blood stream % lymph system is it's major function
Duodenum
shortest portion-10" of sm. intest. C-shaped curve circles the head of the pancreas-connects to jejunum. ducts from the liver,gallbladder and pancreas enter this area
Jejunum
7-8' center of sm. intest. has blood vessels, lymph and nerves in peritoneum/mesentery. These glands provide secreation for digestion-primary function and absorption
Mesentery
one or more membranes that consist of a double fold of the peritoneum invest the intestines and their appendages connecting them with the dorsal wall of the abdominal cavity
Liver
digestive organ that also detoxifies the blood,protein metabolisum, breaks down fat,removes glucose,secrets bile,stores A,B12,D,E.K,iron,copper and destroys old red/white blood cells (3lbs)
Gallbladder
3-4" lies under surface of liver. Stores and concentrates bile and releases it to sm. intest. by cystic duct
Pancreas
5" by 1" long lies behind stomach and connets to the duodenum by 2 pancreatic ducts. mostly an endorcine gland=producing digestive emzymes, secrete homrmones insulin, glucagon and somatostatin. (islet of Langerhans)
Islet of Langerhans
small slightly granular endocrine cells that form among the tubules and alveoli of the pancreas and secrete insulin and glucagon
Stomach
J shaped-empty's to the duodenum.Recieves bolus from esophagus & continues the digestive process. Contains rugae & gastic glands secrete hormone gastrin/juices=hydrochloric acid,smzymes,mucus,H2O&creates chyme.
Lg Intestine
Muscular tube 4-5'long & 2'wide. reabsorbs water, electrolytes, manufacturing vitamins form and store feces until defecation.
Cecum
receives the digestive matter from the ileum of the sm. intestine
Appendix
contains lymphatic tissue - function not clear
Acending Colon
Right side of abdomen to the under side of the liver- curves towards the left- also known as the Hepatic Flexure
Transverse colon
across the abdomen from hepatic flexture to the spleen- where it turns down is called the splenic flexture
Decending Colon
extends down the left side of the abdomen from the splenic flexture to the top of the iliac crest
Sigmoid colon
S- shaped curve beginning at the left iliac crest & continues to the middle of the abdomen where it connects the decending colon to the rectum
Rectum
5-6" continuation of the sigmoid colon
Anal Canal
last few inches of the rectum and ends at the anus- sphincter muscle of smooth and skeletal muscle that controls the involuntary and voulentary elimination of feces
Diverticular disease
sm. sac like outpouchings of the intestinal wall in weak areas of the colon where vessels are located- usually in sigmoid
Diverticulosis
multiple diverticula are present
Diverticulitis
multipule diverticula are present, inflamed, infected
Cirrhosis
An abnormal liver condition characterized by irreversible scarring of the liver
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach. From the Latin gastricus meaning stomach + -itis, meaning inflammation
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix,usually involves infection of the appendix by bacteria that invade it and infect the wall of the appendix
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is most often viral, due to infection with one of the hepatitis viruses (A, B, C, D, and E)The main nonviral causes of hepatitis are alcohol and drugs. -contagous
Reflux esophagitis
a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates into the esophagus.
Irritable bowel syndrome
functional disease-applies to the muscular organs of the gastrointestinal tract; the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, and colon,is that either the muscles of the organs or the nerves that control the organs are not working normally
Hernia
a protrusion of soft tissue through a tear or weak spot in the muscle wall- commonly in the abdomen
Hiatal hernia
the intestines bulge through an opening in the diaphram
Inguinal hernia
bulging of the sbdominal organs or the inguinal canal
Reducible hernia
the buldge can be pushed back thru the opening
Irreducible hernia
can not be repaired- an obstruction or strangulation = creates a medical emergency
Micturation
To urinate. The verb "micturate" (like the noun "micturation") comes from the Latin "micturire" meaning "to want to urinate."-parasympathetic
Detrusor
the muscle that contracts and relaxes the sphincter during urination
Cysitis
infalmation of the medulla of the kidney
Bartholin gland
secretes a lubricating fluid in the female external genitalia
Gonorrhea
sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria- infects the uretha
Syphilis
STD- bacterial infection sexually transmitted or from mother to baby
Herpes 1
DNA virus infects the upper body
Herpes 2
DNA virus infects the lower body- genital
Lactation
Mammary glands provide nutrition for the baby- transfer antibodies from mother to baby
Ectopic pregnancy
fetus fails to implant in the uterus and starts to develope in the fallopian tubes
Poultry
