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Military Leaders
AP World History Stearns Military Leaders
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Muhammad of Ghur | 1173-1206 Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind and n.w. India under his control. |
| Belisarius | (c. 505–565); one of Justinian’s most important military commanders during the attempted reconquest of western Europe; commanded in north Africa and Italy. |
| Pope Urban II | organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to mount military assault to free the Holy Land from Muslims. |
| Pachacuti | Inca ruler (1438–1471); began the military campaigns that marked the creation of an Inca empire. |
| Castile and Aragon | regional Iberian kingdoms; participated in reconquest of peninsula from Muslims; developed a vigorous military and religious agenda. |
| Abbas I, the Great | Safavid shah (1587–1629); extended the empire to its greatest extent; used Western military technology. |
| Toyotomi Hideyoshi | general under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died in 1598. |
| Tokugawa Ieyasu | vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan. |
| Simon Bolívar | Creole military officer in northern South America; won victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador between 1817 and 1822 that led to the independent state of Gran Colombia. |
| Hammurabi | the most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law. |
| Alexander the Great | successor of Philip II; successfully conquered the Persian empire prior to his death in 323 B.C.E.; attempted to combine Greek and Persian cultures. |
| Cyrus the Great | (c. 576 or 590–529 B.C.E.); founded Persian Empire by 550 B.C.E.; successor state to Mesopotamian empires. |
| Philip of Macedonia | ruled Macedon from 359 to 336 B.C.E.; founder of centralized kingdom; conquered Greece. |
| Julius Caesar | general responsible for the conquest of Gaul; brought army back to Rome and overthrew republic; assassinated in B.C.E. by conservative senators. |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general during the second Punic War; invaded Italy but failed to conquer Rome. |
| Mu’awiya | 602-680 Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali. |
| Abu Bakr | The first caliph or leader of the Muslim faithful elected after Muhammad's death in 632. Renown for his knowledge of the nomadic tribes who then dominated the Islamic community. |
| Saladin | (1137–1193); Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam. |
| Chinggis Khan | (1162–1227); born 1170's following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of Mongol tribes in 1206; conquered northern kingdoms of China to Abbasid regions; died 1227 before the conquest of most of the Islamic world. |
| Hulegu | 1217-1265 Ruler of the Ilkhan khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257. |
| Muhammad ibn Qasim | 661-750 Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus Valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire. |
| Mahmud of Ghazni | 971-1030 Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of the wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression. |
| Muhammad the Great | extended the boundaries of Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century. |
| Charlemagne | Charles the Great; Carolingian monarch who established substantial empire in France and Germany circa 800. |
| William the Conqueror | invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. |
| Xuanzong | leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755, although he encouraged overexpansion. |
| Ashikaga Takuaji | member of Minamoto family; overthrew Kamakura regime and established Ashikaga shogunate (1336–1573); drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino. |
| Batu | grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russia in 1236. |
| Ogedei | third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded him as Mongol khagan. |
| Kubilai Khan | grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271. |
| Francisco Pizarro | (1478–1541); Spanish explorer; arrived in the Americas in 1502; joined Balboa in Panama, then successfully attacked the Inca Empire. |
| Osei Tutu | important ruler who began centralization and expansion of Asante. |
| Ivan IV (the Terrible) | confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture. |
| Peter I (the Great) | tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models. |
| Mehmed II | “the Conqueror”; Ottoman sultan; captured Constantinople, 1453, and destroyed the Byzantine Empire. |
| Ismâ’il | Safavid leader; conquered the city of Tabriz in 1501 and was proclaimed shah. |
| Aurangzeb | son and successor of Shah Jahan; pushed extent of Mughal control in India; reversed previous policies to purify Islam of Hindu influences; incessant warfare depleted the empire’s resources; died in 1707. |
| Oda Nobunaga | the first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573, deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | army officer who rose in rank during the wars of the French Revolution; ended the democratic phase of the revolution; became emperor; deposed and exiled in 1815. |
| Mahmud II | 19th-century Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents. |
| Kangxi | Qing ruler and Confucian scholar (1661–1722); promoted Sinification among the Manchus. |
| Adolph Hitler | Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to 1945. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist premier of Italy (r. 1922–1943); formed the fascio di combattimento in 1919. |
| Joseph Stalin | Lenin’s successor as leader of the U.S.S.R.; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled U.S.S.R. until his death in 1953. |
| Yuan Shikai | warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China. |
| Mao Zedong | communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976. |
| Lin Bao | one of Mao Zedong’s military associates. |
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Apatrickjones
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