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MrsVanDyke Chapter 8
Developmental
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Developmental Psycholology | Psychological specialty that studies how organisms change over time as the result of biological and environmental influences |
| Nature-Nurture Issue | Longstanding discussion over the relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes |
| Interaction | Process by which forces work together or influence each other -- as in the interaction between the forces of heredity and environment |
| Identical Twins | Pair who started life as a single fertilized egg, which later split into two distinct individuals. Indentical twins have the same genes |
| Fraternal Twins | Pair who started life as two separate fertilized eggs that happened to share the same womb. Fraternal twins, on the average, have about 50% of their genetic material in common |
| Continuity View | The perspective that develpment is gradual and continuous --as opposed to the discontinuity (stage) view |
| Discontinuity View | Perspective that development proceeds in an uneven (discontinuous) fashion--as opposed to the continuity view |
| Developmental Stages | Periods of life initiated by significant transitions or changes in physical or psychological functioning |
| Prenatal Period | Developmental period before birth |
| Zygote | Feritilized egg |
| Embryo | In humans, the name for the developing organism during the first eight weeks after conception |
| Fetus | In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth |
| Placenta | Organ interface between the embryo or fetus and the mother. Placenta separates the bloodstreams, but it allows the exchange of nutrients and waste products. |
| Teratogens | Substances from the environment, including viruses, drugs, and other chemicals, that can damage the developing organism during the prenatal period |
| Neonatal Period | In humans, this period (newborn) extends through the first month after birth |
| Infancy | In humans, this period spans between the end of the neonatal period and the establishment of language--usually at about 18mo to 2 yr |
| Attachment | The enduring social-emotional relationship between a child and a parent or other regular caregiver |
| Imprinting | Primitive form of learning in which some young animals follow and form an attachment to the first moving object they see and hear |
| Contact Comfort | Stimulation and reassurance derived from the physical touch of a caregiver |
| Maturation | Process by which the genetic program manifests itself over time |
| Schemas | In Piaget's theory, mental structures or programs that guide a developing child's thought |
| Assimilation | Mental process that modifies new information to fit into existing schemes |
| Accommodation | Mental process that restructures existing schemes so that new information is better understood |
| Sensorimotor Stage | First stage in Piaget's theory, during which the child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli |
| Mental Representation | Ability to form internal images of objects and events |
| Object Permanence | Knowledge that objects exist independently of one's own actions and awareness |
| Preoperational Stage | Second stage in Piaget's theory, marked by well-developed mental representation and the use of language |
| Egocentrism | In Piaget's theory, the self-centered inability to realize that there are other viewpoints beside one's own |
| Animistic Thinking | Preoperational mode of thought in which inanimate objects are imagined to have life and mental processes |
| Centration | Preoperational thought pattern involving the inability to take into account more than one factor at a time |
| Irreversibility | inability, in the preoperational child, to think through a series of events or mental operations and then mentally reverse the steps |
| Concrete Operational Stage | Third of Piaget's stages, when a child understands conservation but still is incapable of abstract thought |
| Conservation | Understanding that the physical properties of an object or substance do not change when appearances change but nothing is added or taken away |
| Mental Operation | Solving problems by mainpulating images in one's mind |
| Theory of Mind | Awareness that other people's behavior may be influenced by beliefs, desires, and emotions that differ from one' own |
| Temperament | Individual's characteristic manner of behavior or reaction--assumed to have a strong genetic basis |
| Zone of Proximal Development | Difference between what a child can do with help and what the child can do without any help or guidance |
| Psychosocial Stages | In Erikson's theory, the developmental stages refer to eight major challenges that appear successively across the lifespan, which require an individual to rethink his or her goals and relationships with others |
| Adolescence | Industrial societies, a developmental period beginning at puberty and ending (less clearly) at adulthood |
| Rites of Passage | Social rituals that mark the transition between developmental stages, especially between childhood and adulthood |
| Puberty | Onset of sexual maturity |
| Primary Sex Characteristics | Sex organs an genitals |
| Secondary Sex Characteristics | Gender-related physical features that develop during puberty, including facial hair and deepening voices in males, widened hips and enlarged breasts in females, and the development of pubic hair in both sexes |
| Formal Operational Stage | The last stage of Piaget's theory, during which abstract thought appears |
| Generativity | In Erikson's theory, a process of making a commitment beyond oneself to family, work, society, or future generations |
| Alzheimer's Disease | Degenerative brain disease usually noticed first by its debilitating effects on memory |
| Selective Social Interaction | Choosing to restrict the number of one's social contacts to those who are most gratifying |
| Denial | Refusing to believe the individual is sick |
| Anger | Patient displays anger that they are sick , "why me?!" |
| Bargaining | Making a deal, in return for a cure, they will fulfill promises |
| Depression | Generally depressed affect includes sleep, loss of appetite, etc... |
| Acceptance | Patient realizes death is inevitable and accepts fate |
Created by:
MrsVanDyke
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