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vocabulary 13 & 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| yangdi | second member of Sui dynasty; murdered his father to gain throne; restored Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 |
| Li Yuan | 566-635 Also known as Duke of tang; mister for yangdi; took over empire following assassination of yangdi;, first emperor of tang dynasty; took imperial title of gaozu |
| changan | Capital of tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time |
| ministry of rites | administred examinations to students from chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars |
| jinshi | title grante to students who passed the the most difficult chinese examination on all of chinese literature; became immediatly dignataries and eligible for high office |
| pure land buddhism | emphasized salvationist aspects of chinese buddhism; popular among mases of chinese society |
| chan buddhism | known as zen in japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beaut; popular with members of elite chinese |
| zen buddhism | known as zen in china; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beaut; popular with members of elite chinese |
| empress wu | tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in china supporeted buddhist establishment, tried to elevate buddhism to state religio; had multisorystatues of buddha created |
| wuzong | chinese emperor of tang dynasty who openly persecuted buddhism by destroying monasteries in 84; reduced influece of chinese buddhism in favor of confucian ideology |
| Xuanzong | leading chinese emperor of the tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 75, although he encouraged overexpansion |
| yang guifei | royal concubine during reign of xuanzon; introduction of her relatives into royal administration led to revolt |
| zhao kuangyin | 960-976 founder of song dynasty; originally a general fall of tang; took of taizu failled to overcome northern liao dynasty that remainded independent |
| liao dynasty | Founded in 907 by Nomadic Khitan peoples from Manchuria; mantained independence from Song dynasty in China |
| khitans | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century |
| zhu xi | (1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action |
| neo confucian | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences |
| Tangut | Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226 |
| Xi Xia | Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry |
| wang anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society |
| jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south |
| jin | Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234 |
| southern song | Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history |
| junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula |
| flying money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of currency |
| footbinding | Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
| li bo | (701-762) Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings |
| taika reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
| The tale of genji | Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society |
| fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power |
| bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
| samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor |
| seppuku | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
| taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars |
| minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan |
| gempei wars | Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
| bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai |
| shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan) |
| hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto |
| ashikaga takajui | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino |
| Ashikaga Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority |
| daimyos | Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states |
| choson | Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE |
| koguryo | Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 BCE; adopted cultural Sinification |
| silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. |
| paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century |
| sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam |
| yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
| khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
| trung sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society |
| chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south |
| nguyen | Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue |
| trinh | Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south |
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