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Voc 13-14
Vocabulary Chapters 13 and 14
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Yangdi | Second member of Sui dynasty; murdered father to gain throne; restores Confucian examination system; responsible for construction of Chinese canal system; assassinated in 618 |
Li Yuan | 566-635; Also known as Duke of Tang; minister for Yangdi; took over emperor of Tang dynasty; took imperial title of Gaozu |
Chang'an | Captial of Tang Dynasty; population of 2 million; largest city in the world |
Ministry of Rites | Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars |
Junshi | Title granted to students who passed the most difficult Chinese examination on all of Chinese literature; became immediate dignitaries and eligible for high office |
Pure Land Buddhism | Emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses of Chinese society |
Chan Buddhism | Known as Zen in Japan; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society |
Zen Buddhism | Known as Chan in China; stressed meditation and appreciation of natural and artistic beauty; popular with members of elite Chinese society |
Empress Wa | Tang ruler 690-705 C.E. in China; supported Buddhism establishment; tried to elevate Buddhism to state of religion; had multistory statues of Buddha created |
Wuzong | Chinese emperor of Tang dynasty who openly persecuted Buddhism by destroying monasteries in 840s; reduced influence of Chinese Buddhism in favor of Confucian ideology |
Xuanzong | Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty who reigned from 713 to 755 though he encouraged overexpansion |
Yang Shifei | Royal concubine during reign of Xuanzong; introduction of relatives into royal administration led to revolt |
Zhao Kuangyin | (r. 960-976) Founder of Song dynasty; originally a general following fall of Tang; took title of Taizu; failed to overcome northern Liao dynasty that remained independent |
Liao Dynasty | Founded in 907 by nomadic khiten peoples from Manchuia; maintained independence from Song dynasty in China |
Khitans | Nomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century |
Junks | Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, sternpost rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula |
Flying Money | Chinese credit instrument that provided credit vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of the voyage; reduced danger of robbery; early form of credit |
Foot binding | Practice in chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household |
Li Bo | (701-762) Most famous poet of the Tang era; blended images of the mundane world with philosophical musings |
Noe-Confucius | Revived ancient Confucian teachings in Song era of China; great impact on the dynasties that followed; their emphasis on tradition and hostility to foreign systems made Chinese rulers and bureaucrats less receptive to outside ideas and influences |
Tangut | Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226 |
Xi Xia | Kingdom of the Tangut people, north of Song Kingdom, in the mid-11th century; collected tribute that drained Song resources and burdened Chinese peasantry |
Wang Anshi | Confucian scholar and chief minister of a Song emperor in 1070s; introduced sweeping reforms based on Legalists; advocated greater state intervention in society |
Jurchens | Founders of Qin kingdom that succeeded the Liao in northern China; annexed most of the Yellow River basin and forced Song to flee to south |
Jin | Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by the Jurchens in 1115 after overthrowing Liao dynasty; ended 1234 |
Southern Song | Rump state of the Song Dynasty from 1127 to 1279; carved out of the much larger domains of the Tang and northern Song; culturally, one of the most glorious reigns in Chinese history |
Grand Canal | Built in 7th century during reign of Yangdi during Sui dynasty; designed to link the original centers of Chinese civilization on the north China plain with the Yangtze river basin to the south; nearly 1200 miles long |
VOCABULARY CHAPTER 14 | |
Taika Reforms | Attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
Tale of Genji, The | Written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor; evidence for mannered style of Japanese society |
Fujiwara | Japanese aristocratic family in mid-9th century; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power |
Bushi | Regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies |
Samurai | Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor |
Seppuka | Ritual suicide or disembowelment in Japan; commonly known in West as hara-kiri; demonstrated courage and a means to restore family honor |
Taira | Powerful Japanese family in 11th and 12th centuries; competed with Minamoto family; defeated after Gempei Wars |
Minamoto | Defeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th-century Japan |
Gempei Wars | Waged for five years from 1180, on Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in destruction of Taira |
Bakufu | Military government established by the Minamoto following the Gempei Wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai |
Shoguns | Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan) |
Hojo | Warrior family closely allied with Minamoto; dominated Kamakura regime and manipulated Minamoto rulers who claimed to rule in name of Japanese emperor at Kyoto |
Ashikaga Takuaji | Member of the Minamoto family; overthrew the Kamakura regime and established the Ashikaga Shogunate from 1336-1573; drove emperor from Kyoto to Yoshino |
Ashikaga Shogunate | Replaced the Kamakura regime in Japan; ruled from 1336 to 1573; destroyed rival Yoshino center of imperial authority |
Daimyos | Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states |
Choson | Earliest Korean kingdom; conquered by Han emperor in 109 BCE |
Koguryo | Tribal people of northern Korea; established an independent kingdom in the northern half of the peninsula in 37 BCE; adopted cultural Sinification |
Silla | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668. |
Paekche | Independent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated by rival Silla kingdom and its Chinese Tang allies in 7th century |
Sinification | Extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions; typical of Korea and Japan, less typical of Vietnam |
Yi | Korean dynasty that succeeded Koryo dynasty following period of Mongol invasions; established in 1392; ruled Korea to 1910; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence |
Khmers | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; moved into Mekong River delta region at time of Vietnamese drive to the south |
Trung sisters | Leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule; revolt broke out in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of Vietnamese women in indigenous society |
Chams | Indianized rivals of the Vietnamese; driven into the highlands by the successful Vietnamese drive to the south |
Nguyen | Rival Vietnamese dynasty that arose in southern Vietnam to challenge traditional dynasty of Trinh in north at Hanoi; kingdom centered on Red and Mekong rivers; capital at Hue |
Trinh | Dynasty that ruled in north Vietnam at Hanoi, 1533 to 1772; rivals of Nguyen family in south |