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Exam #2 NTR108
Energy Intake
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hunger | PHYSIOLOGICAL drive to eat -stomach growling |
| Appetite | PSYCHOLOGICAL drive to eat -socializing, stress, boredom |
| What does it mean to be "satisfied"? (Satiation) | State in which both drives (hunger & appetite) are satisfied and there is no longer a desire to eat |
| Satiety | Time between meals |
| Hypothalamus | -Group of cells at the base of the brain -Participate in many regulatory functions, including hunger, fighting, fleeing, feeding, & mating |
| Energy Balance | The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure -Possible scenarios: - Intake = Expenditure - Intake > Expenditure - Intake < Expenditure |
| Energy Equivalence | 1) Body Fat 1 lb = 1500 kcal 1kg = 7700 kcal 2) 10 extra kcal/d = 1lb a year |
| 4 Components of Energy Expenditure | 1) Basal Metabolic Rate -accounts for majority of NRG expenditures 2) Physical Activity 3) Thermic effect of food 4) Heat protection (minor) |
| Thermogenesis | non-exercise activity that produces heat |
| Heat | Just moving around (i.e. fidgeting) |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | -The resting energy expenditure (REE) measured soon after waking up in the AM and at least 12 hours after your last meal -BMR is positively proportioned to body weight- higher weight, higher BMR |
| What are 9 factors that effect BMR | 1) huge individual variation 2) gender (boys 1, girls .9) 3) lean body mass 4) age 5) height (shorter = less surface area) 6) nutritional status (starvation and dieting reduce BMR) 7) fever 8) pregnancy and lactation 9) Environmental Temperature |
| NEAT & It's Energy Cost | -NEAT: Non-exercise activity thermogenesis -Energy Cost: -dependent on the activity, duration, body height, & training |
| Thermic Effect of Food (TEF) | -energy costs associated with digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food -accounts for 5-10% of daily expenditure -fat is metabolized more efficiantly than protein or carbohydraes -TEF in high gat foods is less -lower than 5% for obese ppl |
| Consequences of Energy Imbalance | OBESITY (prevalent in abt 35% or 2/3rds of adults in the US) (CDC obesity maps) |
| 9 Health Risks of Obesity | -cardiovascular disease -hypertension -type 2 diabetes -cancer (breast, uterine, or prostate) -osteoarthritis -surgical complications -emotional disturbances (depression) -gallbladder disease -fatty liver disease |
| How is desirable/ ideal body weight determined? | by reference to weight for height charts- most common: Metropolitan Life Insurance Tables: include data for men and women by height and frame size |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) & it's limitations | Increased BMI = greater risk for obesity-related diseases. Limitations: not as useful for athletes, adolescents & children, and ppl older than 65 years old. BMI does not consider body composition & location of fat (if excessive fat) |
| Android | Apple shape, central obesity: excess abdominal fat distributed around your organs (viscerally). More common in men than women. Increased risk for type two diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure. |
| Gynecoid | Pear shape: excess hip/femeral fat, distributed primarily subcutaneously, more common in women than men, fewer health risks, harder to lose, measured by waist circumpherence |
| Which measurements for men and women puts them at higher risk for abdominal obesity? | Men: waist circumpherence > 40 inches Women: WC > 35 |
| Ideal Percent Body fat | US Male: 15-20% US Female: 20-25% |
| What percent body fat in men and women puts them at higher risk for obesity related disease? | Males: >25% BF Females: >30% BF |
| Skinfold Measurements | direct measure of % body fat. limitations: good technique needed, primarily measures subcutaneous (between skin and viscera), & it's hard to measure viscera fat |
| Subcutaneous | Between skin & viscera |
| Underwater Weighing (Hydrostatic) | the more fat tissue, the less the individual will weigh when submerged. % body fat is calculated by relationships b/w body weight, density, and volume. Limitations: Special facilities needed, children and elderly |
| Bioelectric Impendance | Based on that fat impedes on the flow of electricity. A low level current is passed thru the body.% BF is proportional to the body's resistance to the flow of current. Limitations: Measures total body water, only estimates muscle and fat. Must be hydrated |
| Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) | Uses low level x-rays to differentiate among bone tissue, lean tissue, and fat tissue. Limitations include high cost and time (it takes 30 mins to complete) |
| BOD POD (Air Displacement) | Measures hm air your body displaces within the chamber. %BF is calculated based on relationships b/w body weight, densit,y and volume. |
Created by:
jessberis
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