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HUG Chap 2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
demography | scientific study if population characteristics |
overpopulation | the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living |
ecumene | portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement |
crude birth rate (CBR) | total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society |
crude death rate (CDR) | total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society |
natural increase rate (NIR) | percent by which a population grows in a year. CBR-CDR converted to a percent |
doubling time | number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase |
total fertility rate (TFR) | number of births in society. average number of children a woman will have throughout her child bearing years |
infant mortality rate (IMR) | annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births |
life expectancy | measure the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels |
demographic transition | change in a societys population |
agricultural revolution | the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering |
industrial revolution | began in england. conjunction of major improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and delivering them to market |
medical revolution | medical technology invented in europe and north america diffused to less developed countries in africa, asia, and latin america |
zero population growth (ZPG) | a country reaches stage 4 of the demographic transition when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR and the NIR approaches zero |
population pyramid | a countries population displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph |
dependency ratio | number of people who are too young or old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years |
census | official count or survey of population |
epidemiologic transition | distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition |
epidemiology | study of disease transition |
pandemic | (of a disease) widespread over a whole country or the world |
sex ratio | proportional distribution of the sexes in a population. number of males per 100 females |
stage 1 name | low growth |
stage 2 name | high growth |
stage 3 name | moderate growth |
stage 4 name | low growth |
stage 1 CBR CDR | high cdr high cbr low nir |
stage 2 CBR CDR | high cbr cdr drops sharply nir high |
stage 3 CBR CDR | cbr declines cdr stays low |
stage 4 CBR CDR | cbr low cdr low nir= zpg |
malthusian theory | the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies |
moral restraint | only thing that can stop the malthusian theory |
who is the malthusian theory named after? | thomas malthus |
when and where was the malthusian theory created? | 1798 England |
what book was the mathusian theory published in? | An Essay on the Principle of Population |
what stage society is the mathusian theory based on? | stage 2 |
what do neo- malthusians believe? | that thomas malthus was right, and things are even worse than he said |
who are some neo-malthusians? | Robert Kaplan, Thomas Fraser Homer-Dixon |
what do malthusian critics believe? | malthus didn't see possibilism, and lots of people being a good thing |
what do marxists believe? | that wealth should be distributed to meet peoples basic needs, and that the issue is not that there isn't enough, just people taking more than they need. |
stage 1 epidemologic transition name | pestilence and famine |
what is pestilence | infectious contagious rap spreading epidemic diseases |
what is famine | lack of food |
who and when formulated the epidemologic transition | abdel Omran 1971 |
stage 2 epidemologic transition stage | receding pandemics |
why was stage 2 receding pandemics? | because of the industrial revolution and improved hygeine and medicine |
why was stage 1 pestilence and famine? | because hygeine and medicine not advanced, no technology, instability in food, and the black plague |
stage 3 name epidemiologic transition | degernerative and human related diseases |
degenerative | overtime/ chronic disorders with aging |
example of diseases in stage 3 epidemiologic transition | cancer, cardiovascular |
stage 4 name epidemiologic transition | delayed degenerative diseases |
why is stage 4 epidemiologic transition delayed degenerative diseases? | because it is the same as stage 3 but the treatments have been more developed and people live longer with them |
stage 5 epidemiologic transition | reemergance |
why is stage 5 reemergance? | it states that all the eradicated diseases will come back and kill large amounts of population |
why will diseases reemerge | evolution of diseases immune to cures, poverty because of no infrastructure and way to deal with disease, and improved travel because easier for disease to spread |
who disagrees with Malthusian theory? | Karl Marx, and Friederich Engels |
where are the highest NIRs | africa and southwest asia |
where are the highest and lowest CBRs | highest= sub-saharan africa and middle east lowest= europe |
where are the highest and lowest TFRs | highest= sub-saharan africa and middle east lowest=europe |
not one of the four regions of the world that 3/4 of the population is in | sub-saharan africa |
what stage have we been in the longest on earth | stage 1 |
where are the highest and lowest IMRs | highest= sub-saharan africa lowest= western europe |
life expectancy in africa | low forties |
life expectancy in europe, asutralia, north america, japan | late seventies |
what is europes CDR like? | relatively high |
how much of the worlds population is under age 15? | 1/3 |
where were CBR declines rapid in 1980-90s? | Middle East, Latin America, South Asia |
how can CBR's be controlled? | economic development and distribution of contraceptives |
how many couples in north america and western europe use family planning methods? | 3/4 |
what country has the highest rate of family planning? | china |
where are the lowest rates of family planning? | sub-saharan africa |
where were the first cases of the avian flu recorded? | southeast asia |
where are the highest rates of HIV infection? | sub saharan africa |
how much of earths surface do 3/4 of the world live? | 5% |
where are the highest population densities found? | asia, europe, central america |
where are the lowest population densities found? | australia and north and south america |