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Animal Science
| Hunter-gatherers | first domesticated animals and used the meat, bones, and skins just as they had done before domestication; other uses (milk, clothing, power, war, sport, and prestige) came later. |
| Animal science is | simply the collective study of domestic animals. |
| Animal science is divided into specific disciplines, or specialties as follows: (8 of Them) | – Animal Genetics – Animal Nutrition – Animal Physiology – Animal health – Ethology – Meat science – Dairy product science – Biotechnology |
| approximately___billion large farm animals and ___billion poultry throughout the world. | 4.5 and 19.8 |
| Poultry numbers have increased more rapidly at an average rate of over__annually. | 5% |
| • meat supplies approximately____ • milk provides approximately____, • fish supplies approximately____, • and eggs supply___. | 49.5%, 25.8%, 16% 8.7% |
| Meat, eggs, and dairy products are important food sources because they are | Nutrient Dense |
| Annual per capita meat supply ranges from over____. in affluent countries to very little in poor countries. | 300 lbs |
| The___is the most important meat source, producing__of the world’s meat | pig 38% |
| World meat production has increased steadily for many years at an average rate of___per year | 2% |
| Cattle supply___of the world’s milk supply. – Buffalos supply ___of world’s milk. | 83% 13% |
| In addition to meat, poultry species produce a_____high quality product—____. | Second Eggs |
| sheep (____and Persian lambskins), • goats (_____and mohair), | wool Cashmere |
| xenotransplantation (what happens to a pig liver and human liver) | the replacing of human organs with those from animals, is an active and promising area of research |
| • The stresses of the natural and/or artificial environment that affect animals may be classified as: (5 of them) | -climatic stresses, – nutritional stresses, – internal stresses, – geographical stresses, – and social stresse |
| _______or______changes are changes in form and structure. | Morphological Anatomical |
| Two terms,__________and________, refer to a country’s level of economic development | Developed Countries Developing Countries |
| ___________are usually small, labor-intensive farm units. __________are usually large range units. | Intensive Systems Extensive Systems |
| ________is the study of how the body uses the nutrients in feed to sustain life and for productive purposes. | Nutrition |
| ________are substances required for life processes, reproduction, growth and lactation | Nutrients |
| The nutrient classifications are: . | – water, – carbohydrates, – vitamins, – minerals, – proteins, – and fats (lipids) |
| The amount of nutrients depends on: | – type of species, its digestive tract, and any peculiarities of its metabolism; – and the level of production and the product(s) being produced (work, fetus, growth, milk, eggs, and fiber). |
| Monogastrics, or nonruminants | are one stomached, or simple-stomach animals. Include chicken, turkey, swine and horse |
| ruminants | —cattle, sheep, goats have four compartment stomach. Pseudoruminants (llamas) have three |
| Prehension, | the means an animal uses to bring food into its mouth, is the first step of digestion. |
| • Mastication • | , or chewing, involves the action of the jaw and teeth to crush the food. |
| Salivation | includes secretion and mixing of saliva with food |
| The small intestine is divided into three portions: | duodenum jejunum ileum |
| The large intestine has three parts: (CCR) | the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. |
| Defecation | is the discharge of excrement from the body via the rectum or cloaca. |
| Micturition | is urination |
| The complex stomach is comprised of four compartments: | – rumen, – reticulum, – omasum, – and the abomasum. |
| genotype, | sets the stage for traits such coat type, coat color, speed, body composition, growth, reproduction, milk production, disease resistance, and other |
| Chromosome Number of Different Species Buffalo__ • Cat__ • Cattle__ • Dog__ • Donkey__ • Goat__ • Horse__ • Pig__ • Sheep__ | 60 38 60 78 62 60 64 38 54 |
| • The segment of the deoxyribose, phosphate, and one of the bases is called a______. | nucleotide |
| The entire genetic material of an animal is termed its_____. | genome |
| Each parent produces reproductive cells called _____. | gametes |
| Another feature of the chromosome is the ______, which can be located anywhere along the chromosome. | centromere |
| _______is the process of somatic cell division | Mitosis |
| The cell division that occurs in gametogenesis is called_____. | meiosis |
| Renewable | You don't kill the animals you cut the hair/ take the fat etc. and it will grow back |
| China | produces the most pork in the world |
| Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K) | Not washed through urine |
| Water Soluble Vitamins ( B and C) | Washed out through urine |
| Cellulose | major carbohydrate found in forages such as fresh pastures, silage, and hay |
| Sheeps | 8000 bc |
| Goats Cattles Pigs | 6500 bc |
| Chicken | 6000 bc |
| llama | 5500 bc |
| donkeys | 4000 bc |
| horses | 3500 bc |
| reindeer | 3000 bc |
| The most important us for animals for humans is food. Name the 5 other uses. | 1. Religion 2. Companionship 3. Sports 4. Recreation 5. Manufacturing |
| DNA sequencing suggest that the dog may have been domesticated 135,000 years ago, but archeological evidence suggest that the dog was domesticated ____________ years ago. | 14,000 years ago (12,000) BC |
| How much of the worlds meat, milk, and wool come from large farm animals is developing countries? What are some reasons? | 1/3 Lack of technology, different objectives of production, disease challenges, and environmental stresses. |
| List 6 food contributions of animals to humans | 1. Meat 2. Blood 3. Fat 4. Edible slaughter by-products 5. Milk 6. Eggs |
| List 7 body covering contributions of animals to humans | 1. Pelts 2. Feathers 3. Fur 4. Hair 5. Hides 6. Leather 7. Wool |
| List 2 work contributions of animals to humans | 1. Draft and other labor 2. Transportation |
| List 4 body waste contributions of animals to humans | 1. Fuel 2. Fertilizers 3. Construction material 4. Animal feed |
| List 6 other uses for animals | 1. Income 2. Recreation 3. Storage of capital 4. Prestige 5. Religion/ cultural needs 6. Companionship |
| Plants supply ___% of the total food energy consumed by the world. | 82.8% |
| Animal product supply __% of the total food energy consumed by the world. | 17.2% |
| Animals supply __% of the world's protein. | 38.5% |
| __% of the calories in the average diet in North America is from animal products compared to __% for the average African? | 27% 7.4% |
| Draft animals are important in what three countries? | Asian, African, and Latin American |
| What amount of feed in the U.S is inedible for humans? | 2/3 |
| List 6 feeds in U.S. livestock that is not suitable for human consumption. | 1. Hay 2. Coarse forages 3. Damaged foods 4. By products 5. Garbage 6. Pasture |
| The world's population is expected to reach 9 billion by what year? | 2050 |
Created by:
K_goddessss
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