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WGU Modules
WGU IOC4 Modules-Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1510-1544 First European to explore the Southwest. He search for Cibola (The City of Gold) First to visit the Grand Canyon | Coronado |
| 1485-1547 Overthrew the Aztec empires and claimed Montezuma in the Valley of Mexico for Spain in 1521 | Hernan Cortes |
| 1500-1542 First Spanish explorer to sail the Atlantic and the first European to explore Florida and southeastern US First to discover the Mississippi River | Hernando de Soto |
| 1497 - First English sponsored explorer and earliest to lay claim to North America | John Cabot |
| 1545-1596 Mayor of Plymouth, led the second circumnavigation trip from 1577-1580. Second-in-Command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588 | Sir Francis Drake |
| 1580-1631 Founder and Leader of Jamestown Virginia. Life was saved by Pocahontas. | John Smith |
| 1565-1611 Explored Arctic ocean and parts of North America. 1609-Was hired by Dutch East India co. to find the NW passage. | Henry Hudson |
| 1554-1618 First English settlement attempt in 1585 at Roanoke Island. | Sir Walter Raleigh |
| 1491-1557 French explorer who led three expeditions to Canada 1534, 1535, 1541 looking for the NW Passage. First to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of Saint Lawrence River. | Jacques Cartier |
| 1567-1635 French explorer who mapped much of NE North America and started settlement in Quebec. "Father of New France" | Samuel de Champlain |
| 1643-1687 First European to travel the entire Mississippi River (1682). Named Mississippi basin "Louisiana" after Louis XIV | Sieur de La Salle |
| 1451-1506 First European to sail across the Atlantic. He made for trips sailing for Ferdinand II and Isabella of Spain. Was sailing for Cathay (China) when he, unknowingly, discovered America. | Christopher Columbus |
| Italian explorer-sailed for Portugal. 1454-1512 First person to realize that the Americas were separate from Asia. | Amerigo Vespucci |
| 1485-1528-Italian-sailed for France. Explored the Atlantic coast of N. America. | Giovanni Da Verrazano |
| Exchange of plans, animals, foods, humans, ideas and diseases between E&W hemispheres. Brought great destruction upon N&S indigenous populations. | Columbian Exchange |
| Indigenous populations existing in the Americas prior to Spanish and English explorers | Pre-colonial Civilizations |
| Empire flourished from around 1200 to the 1530s. Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Chile. Cities such as Cuzco, the capital, consisted of stone houses and religious buildings | Inca |
| modern nation of Mexico. Dominated central Mexico as far south as Guatemala from around 1200 to 1525. capital, Tenochtitlán | Aztec |
| Located in the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. Built large ceremonial mounds and predated the larger collective Mississippian culture | Adena and Hopewell |
| Developed heiroglyphic writing and a calendar. Conquered by the Aztecs | Mayan and Toltec |
| The submerged area under the Bering Sea that was thought to have been a land bridge between Asia and North America | Beringia |
| Native people of the Pacific Northwest (Columbia River Plateau) region of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Called themselves Nimiipuu ("the people"). | Nez Perce |
| North American Plains Indian tribe who lived on the Platte River, Nebraska, from the 16th to the 19th century. Fought against the expansion of the Spanish, but were wiped out by epidemics of smallpox and cholera | Pawnee |
| First settlers of the Americas. Nomadic hunter groups | Paleo Indians |
| The confederation of tribes known as the Six Nations; the Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Tuscarora, Onondaga, and Seneca. Formed sometime around 1570 and located in New York (NE US) | Iroquois |
| Founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608, area had been previously explored and visited by Cartier in 1541 | Quebec |
| 1541- de Soto was the first to reach the Mississippi River 1673 - Pere Jacques Marquette journeyed down the Mississippi, La Salle traveled the length in 1682 and named Louisiana | Mississippi Valley |
| New Netherlands - Home to New Amsterdam and Fort Orange. Hudson River Valley- Ditch settled in parts of NY, NJ, CT, DE, and PA | Early Dutch Colonies |
| Settled for reasons including religious freedom, commerce, and trade. They were penal colonies and eventually grew into 13 distinct territories | Early English Colonies |
| the author of "Voyages"- an entrepreneurial vision of English settlement in the New World | Richard Hakluyt |
| First attempt atEnglish settlement in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. Three unsuccessful attempts were made to inhabit the island. Located in North Carolina | Roanoke |
| Found in 1607 - First permanent English settlement in North America. Success was based on exports (tobacco, wood). Located in Cheasapeak Bay, Virginia. | Jamestown |
| 1606- An English joint stock company established by James I, and was responsible for establishing the Jamestown Settlement. Used indentured settlers and started the headright system | Virginia Company |
| Early leader in Jamestown, saved by Pocahontas. Took control of Virginia and instituted order. | John Smith |
| Native American who married John Rolfe, saved John Smith's live. Daughter of Wahunsunacock (Chief Powhatan) | Pocahontas |
| Credited with first developing tobacco as an export crop | John Rolf |
| Sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church, associated with figures such as Martin Luther and John Calvin. | Protestant Reformation |
| An English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem and Boston. Associated with the Pilgrims and later the Puritains. | Massachusetts Bay Colony |
| Religious dissenters exiled from Massachusetts Bay Colony. They took up residence with their followers in Rhode Island. | Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson |
| Known as the landing site of the Mayflower in 1620 and as the oldest municipality in New England. | Plymouth |
| Members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from popular religious practice. | Puritans |
| The first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the Separatists later known as the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower. | Mayflower Compact |
| 1870–1914, a voluntary mass migration of poor Europeans to the Americas. | Great Migration |
| Founded by George Calvert as a haven for Englands persecuted Catholics. | Maryland |
| Founders of Maryland. A father and son in whose name the charter was written. George Calvert died before he could see settlers arrive and Celcius put his younger brother in charge of the operation because he did not want to go. | George and Celcius Calvert |
| Catholic churches that take lead and direction from the Pope in Rome. | Roman Catholic Churches |
| Most of the wealth owners and traditions for plantation style development came from the Caribbean islands | Caribbean Connection |
| Founded by Anthony Ashley Cooper as a commercial venture in 1663. Although Cooper had assistance from John Locke in planning, the colony fell to slave gangs and plantations as Barbados became overpopulated. | Carolina |
| Land given by the crown. New York, The Carolinas, and Pennsylvania were given as grants. | Land Grants |
| Founded by William Penn as a refuge for English Quakers in 1681. | Pennsylvania |
| Founder of Pennsylvania, an early champion of democracy and religious freedom. | William Penn |
| Members of a radical religious group, formally known as the society of Friends, that rejected formal theology and stressed each persons "Inner Light" a spiritual guide to righteousness. | Quakers |
| Granted to Sir George Cateret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton by James the II, Duke of York. Having two landowners casued much confusion to the growing colony. | New Jersey |
| Founded as an act of aggression against Spain. An asylum for Britain's debtors. It grew slowly and ended up opposing many of the values it was created under. | Georgia |
| A British General who felt he could thwart Spanish designs on the are South of Charlestown while providing a fresh start for London's debtors. | General Oglethorpe |
| System of land distribution through which settlers were granted a 50 acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transferred to the New World. | Headright Sytem |
| Individuals who contracted to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for cost of boat transport to America. | Indentured Servants |
| Had qualities of centralized governmental control, military conquest, and religious missionary efforts. Spread quickly through Latin and South America and held many outposts through the North American West. | Early Spanish Colonies |
| Florida, California, Texas and parts of the American West. | New Spain |
| Sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World. | Conquistadores |
| The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain's conquest, settlement, and rule over much of the western hemisphere. | Spanish Conquest |
| An exploitative labor system that rewarded conquistadores in the New World by granting them local villages and control over native labor. | Encomienda System |
| Treaty (1494) to resolve competing land claims of Spain and Portugal in the New World. Divided the world along a north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting to Portugal Brazil and to Spain all other territories. | Treaty of Tordesillas |
| The gradual shift fron hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000 to 9000 years ago. | Agricultural Revolution |
| This general grouping of Algonquian-speaking cultures includes the Powhatan, Narragansett, and Abenaki indian groups. These peoples switched between agrarian communities and hunter gatherer family groups seasonally. | Eastern Woodland Cultures |
| Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commercial trading activity and funding for sustaining colonies. (ex. Virginia Company) | Joint-stock Company |
| A declaration of sovereignty and war read by Spanish military forces to assert their sovereignty over the Americas. There was little thought given to whether native peoples even understood this measure of "justification". | Requerimiento |
| 1756-1763 AKA: French Indian War. English pushed territorial expansion into the Mississippi Valley claimed by France. The French were aided by many Native American tribes, but ultimately fell at Montreal to the British Red Coats. | Seven Years War |
| Attempted unsuccessfully to restrain americans from moving onto Indian lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. | Proclamation of 1763 |
| Also known as the Revenue Act of 1764, drafted by George Grenville, placed new burdens on the Navigation Acts, in an attempt to creat more revenue for England. | The Sugar Act |
| Required printed documents (newspapers, legal contracts, marriage licenses, etc.) to bear revenue stamps. It sparked the Virginal Resolves by Patrick Henry and the formation of the Stamp Act Congress. | Stamp Act |
| A grab bag of duties placed on American imports of paper, glass, paint, and tea. Created by Charles Townshend. | Townsend Duties |
| Passed after the stamp act was repealed - these stated that Parliament was the power and authority in all matters of American law. | Declaratory Acts |
| Also known as the Intolerable Acts. They were punitive measures in reaction to the Boston Tea Party. They closed the port of Boston, made most government positions appointed by the king, quartered troops on private residences, and limited town meetings. | Coercive Acts |
| This Act allowed the East India company to sell directly to the American colonies. It was meant to be a favorable concession, but due to the Townshend tea tax was not viewed positively and led to the Boston Tea Party. | Tea Act |
| Part of the Intolerable Acts: this legislation enlarged the boundaries of the French/Catholic province. | Quebec Act |
| A secret organization of American patriots which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. | Sons of Liberty |
| A violent confrontation between British troops and a Boston mob on March 5th 1770. Five citizens were killed when the troops fired into the crowd. The incident inflamed anti-British sentiment. | Boston Massacure |
| the Boston Port Act, the Massachusetts Government Act, Quartering Act, and the Impartial Administration of Justice Act | Intolerable Acts |
| The English Navigation Acts were a series of laws which restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England (after 1707 Great Britain) and its colonies. | Navigation Acts |
| closed Boston ports to trade until destroyed tea was paid for | The Boston Port Act |
| revoked the colony’s charter, forbade town meetings(except from British governor) | the Massachusetts Government Act |
| required the providing of quarters for British soldiers | Quartering Act |
| removed British officials from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts courts | the Impartial Administration of Justice Act |
| 1775-1783- The thirteen colonies were trying to break-off from British rule | Revolutionary War |
| describes the impact of the battle at Old North Bridge in Concord, MA, in 1775. Occurred in Lexington in the morning but it is not known whether a soldier of the British Army or a colonial militiaman fired this first shot | "shot heard around the world" |
| the site of the camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777–1778 in the American Revolutionary War. | Valley Forge |
| 28th September to 19th October 1781- General George Washington's resounding defeat of Lord Cornwallis's British army; causing the British to surrender and effectively ending the American Revolutionary War. | Battle of Yorktown |
| representatives from each colony, except Georgia, with three objectives: to compose a statement of colonial rights, to identify British parliaments violation of those rights, and to provide a plan that would convince Britain to restore those rights. | First Continental Congress |
| 1775- he Second Continental Congress established the militia as the Continental Army to represent the thirteen states. They also elected George Washington as Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. | Second Continental Congress |
| 1881- represent the first constitutional agreement made between the 13 American states. | Articles of Confederation |
| 1776- Signifies the colonies’ break from England and the rule of George III. Written by Thomas Jefferson | Declaration of Independence |
| 1783- ended the American Revolutionary War- It removed Britain's troops, and set new borders for the United States. Britain recognized the independent nation of the United States of America. | Treaty of Paris |
| Killed Alexander Hamilton and when he left Washington, he became involved in treason and was arrested. | Aaron Burr |
| a prosperous and prominent Boston silversmith, who helped organize an intelligence and alarm system to keep watch on the British military. | Paul Revere |
| French officer who fought for America in the Revolutionary War. He participated in the Continental Congress and served under George Washington at the Battle of Brandywine and at Valley Forge. He also had a part in the final battle of the war, Yorktown. | General LaFayette |
| An English philosopher; was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuity of "consciousness". He also postulated that the mind was a "blank slate". | John Locke |
| 4th President- 1809 – 1817 Involved in Philadelphia Convention in 1787, the Federalist Papers, 1st Congress, 4th Congress, and he offered a package of twelve proposed amendments to the Constitution. By 1791, ten became the Bill of Rights. | James Madison |
| 5th President-1817–1825- acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820),admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), | James Monroe |
| Missouri was declared a slave state | Missouri Compromise |
| declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812. | Monroe Doctrine |
| one of the Founding Fathers of the USA, the lightning rod, the glass harmonica, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, and the flexible urinary catheter. Negotiated Treaty of Paris (1783) Ambassador of France (1776-1785)helped draft the Declaration if Indep | Benjamin Franklin |
| 1st President-1779-1797- Commanded the Continental Army, determined Presidential role and term limits. | George Washington |
| 2nd President-1797-1801-First VP, Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, author of the Constitution for the state of MA | John Adams |
| President of the MA senate-"Father of the American Revolution" proposed the meeting of the Continental Congress and signed the Declaration in 1776 | Samuel Adams |
| Colonel of the Green Mountain Boys- militia defending their property in VT from fees from NY | Ethan Allen |
| Notions that people are self-sufficient and survive and thrive because of their own choices and energy are important in rural regions. | Jeffersonianism |
| 1803-James Monroe and Robert Livingston, under the name of Jefferson, purchased land from the Gulf of Mexico to the Rocky Mountains and Canada from Napoleon (France). This purchase sprouted pride and ensured expansion. | Louisiana Purchase |
| 3rd President- 1801-1809, Jeffersonianism and the Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson |
| 7th President-1829-1837- Trail of Tears and Indian Removal Act | Andrew Jackson |
| the forced relocation and movement of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in the Western US | Trail of Tears |
| 1830-The Act that authorized the President to negotiate treaties to purchase tribal lands in the east in exchange for lands further west, outside of existing US state borders | Indian Removal Act |
| 16th President-1861-1865 | Abraham Lincoln |
| announced in 1862 and put in effect in 1863- freed slaves in territories not already under Union control | Emancipation Proclamation |
| 1861-1865- Resulted from a fundamental disagreement between the North and the South, about the place of chattel slavery in the Union. Without the slavery question, there would have been no war. | Civil War |
| 1863-Lincoln's speech where he defined American democracy, sanctified the war for the Union, and described America as “a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.” | Gettysburg Address |
| 26th President- 1901-1909-Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt |
| aimed at helping middle class citizens. | Square Deal |
| armed military conflict between Spain and the United States over the issues of the liberation of Cuba | Spanish American War |
| On December 10, 1898, the signing of the Treaty of Paris gave the United States control of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. | Treaty of Paris |
| offered $10 million for a fifty-mile strip across the Isthmus. Colombia refused, then agreed when Roosevelt sent battle ships. | Panama Canal |
| The Roosevelt Corollary stated that the US had the right to enforce an “international police power” over the Western Hemisphere and that other countries did not have the authority to referencing Europe and Latin America in the 1900’s. | "Big Stick" Diplomacy |
| 28th President- 1913 – 1921; 14 Points, Moral Diplomacy, WWI and League of Nations | Woodrow Wilsion |
| intended to assure the country that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. | Fourteen Points |
| This form of diplomacy proposed by Woodrow Wilson stated that America should not get involved with foreign affairs. This idea, however, was changed throughout the first World War and its main ideas were objected. | Moral Diplomacy |
| 1914-1918- started with the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand | WWI |
| Established by the peace treaties that ended World War I- its purpose was the promotion of international peace and security. | League of Nations |
| 32nd President- 1933 –1945- the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms. | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| a sequence of programs he initiated between 1933 and 1936 with the goal of giving work (relief) to the unemployed, reform of business and financial practices, and recovery of the economy during The Great Depression. | New Deal |
| 1933- aimed at short-term recovery programs for all groups. | First New Deal |
| 1935-1936- included labor union support, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) relief program, the Social Security Act, and programs to aid farmers, including tenant farmers and migrant workers. | Second New Deal |
| 1939-1945- a global military conflict organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. Allies formed the UN, Emergence of the US and the Soviet Union as superpowers. Creation of NATO and Warsaw Pact. | WWII |
| 33rd President- 1945 –1953; atom bomb and desegregation of military | Harry S. Truman |
| First use of atomic bomb-1945- Result- Japan announced its surrender to the Allied Powers, signing the Instrument of Surrender on September 2, officially ending the Pacific War and therefore World War II. | Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| 1948-Truman's orders: instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the federal government; the other provided for "equality of treatment and opportunity in the armed forces without regard to race, color, religion,or national origin." | Desegregating the military |
| 34th President- 1953 –1961-Alaska and Hawaii’s statehood, Military Industrial Complex and the Cold War | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| 1959- Alaska became a state in January 1959. Eight months later, southern opposition was finally overcome and Hawaii joined the Union. | Alaska and Hawaii admitted to statehood |
| relations between gov., nat. armed forces, and indust. support from political approval for research, development, production, use, and support for military training, weapons, equipment, and facilities within national defense and security policy. | Military Industrial Complex |
| 1945-1963- United States and the Soviet Union- conflict of powers- political, economical and ideological. | Cold War |
| 35th President- 1961 –1963- assassinated in 1963 | John F. Kennedy |
| Intended to boost the economy, to provide international aid, provide for national defense, and to boost the space program. | New Frontier |
| Eisenhower Administration’s plan to overthrow Fidel Castro of Cuba. Kennedy went with the plan- but no air support. resulted in the capture of over 1100 US soldiers. Kennedy agreed to give Cuba $50 thous. in food and medicines to release these soldiers. | Bay of Pigs Invasion |
| 1962- dilemma: if the US attacked sites; might lead to nuclear war with USSR. If US did nothing;threat of nuclear weapons launched from close range. (Soviet Premier) agreed to remove the missiles if US never invades Cuba and removes missiles in Turkey. | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Neither side ever fought the other- the fought for their beliefs using client states who fought for their beliefs on their behalf | Cold War |
| 1961, President John F. Kennedy announced before a special joint session of Congress the goal of sending an American to the Moon and returning him safely to Earth before the end of the decade. | NASA |
| Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions | Civil Rights Act of 1875 |
| Kennedy enacted policies providing political, economic, and military support for the unstable French-installed South Vietnamese government, sent 16,000 military advisors and U.S. Special Forces to the area. | Kennedy and Vietnam |
| 36th President- 1963 –1969; Great Society; Vietnam led to his personal destruction | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| get aid for education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide-scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime, and removal of obstacles to the right to vote. | The Great Society |
| believed it essential to hold the line against Communist advance; believed that a failure to stop the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese in South Vietnam would embolden Moscow and Peking and raise the likelihood of another larger, possibly nuclear, war. | Johnson and Vietnam |
| 37th President- 1969 –1974- Watergate | Richard Nixon |
| a series of American political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the indictment of several of Nixon's closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974. | Watergate |
| emerged unscathed from the Watergate scandal, and maintained his powerful position when Gerald Ford became President. | Henry Kissinger |
| 1972 was the first step in formally normalizing relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China. It also marked the first time a U.S. president had visited the PRC, who at that time considered the U.S. one of its biggest enemies. | President Richard Nixon's visit to China |
| 40th President- 1981 –1989 | Ronald Reagan |
| meant to reduce the growth of government spending, reduce marginal tax rates on income from labor and capital, reduce government regulation of the economy, and control the money supply to reduce inflation. | Reagonomics |
| Supporters of the Constitution who advocated it's ratification | Federalists |
| Critics of the Constitution who expressed concern that is seemed to posses no specific provisions for the protection of natural and civil rights. | Anti-Federalists |
| Representative democracy with the view that citizens have a civic duty to aid the state and resist corruption. Farmers exemplify virtue and independence from corruption. Republicanism is the best form of government. | Jeffersonian Democracy |
| Jackson vs Clay. First election truly fought on modern party lines (democrats emerged). Widespread use of public rallies, parades, barbecues etc all paid for by the parties. Introduction of the "spoils system", full cabinet rotation. | Election of 1828 |
| 1845 - Doctrine in support of expansion based on the beliefs that population growth demanded territorial expansion, that God Supported American expansion, and the expansion of America equaled expansion of freedom. Initiated under Polk. | Manifest Destiny |
| 1803 - This territory is purchase from France for 15 Million. Secured Mississippi and doubled the nations size. | Louisiana Purchase |
| 1835 - 1836 War between early American colonists and Mexican government for the independence of Texas from Mexico. | Texas War for Independence |
| (November 3, 1793 – December 27, 1836), known as the "Father of Texas", led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by settlers from the United States. Settled on huge land grant from Mexico in 1820's. | Stephen Austin |
| 1836- Lead assault on Santa Anna's encampment near the San Jacinto river. Defeated and captured Santa Anna within 15 minutes. Force the signing treaties recognizing independence of Texas south to the Rio Grande. | Sam Houston |
| 1835- 187 Americans living in Mexican state of Texas fought for over a week to defend The Alamo (fort in San Antonio) against a larger Mexican forces. 8 men were captured and killed by Mexican forces. | The Alamo |
| 1846 - 1848 Armed conflict between the US and Mexico after the annexation of Texas. Mexico claimed ownership of Texas as a breakaway province. | Mexican-American War |
| in 1844, he campaigned for the presidency by promising to bring Texas as well as other western territories into the Union. Polk won, and in December 1845, Congress voted to admit Texas as the 28th state. Youngest Pres. at 41. | President James Polk |
| an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. General of American Southwest forces during Mexican-American war. | Zachary Taylor |
| 1848 - Treaty ending the Mexican-American war. Mexico relinquished claims to Texas, established the Rio Grande as the USE/Mexico border, and ceded California for $15million. The US would assume American citizens claims against Mexico. | Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo |
| the seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). Political views in widening political participation by more people laid foundation for the democratic party. "Old Hickory" | Andrew Jackson |
| 1830 - Policy signed into effect by Andrew Jackson to force native Americans west of the Mississippi. | Indian Removal Act |
| 1838 - Forced winter evacuation of Cherokee's from George to present day Oklahoma. 4000-16000 died from exposure and disease. | Trail of Tears |
| 1853-Signed by Franklin Pierce. Allowed construction of the transcontinental railroad, finalized the border issues- unresolved from the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Southern reaches of New Mexico and Arizona. James Gadsden represented the US. | Gadsden Purchase |
| from Russia; Czar Alexander II - (1867)- William Seeward negotiated- when gold and then oil were discovered in Alaska, Seward's foresight in pushing for the transaction seemed vindicated. Admitted to statehood in 1958. | Alaska |
| 1898 - Annexed by McKinley over the protests of most of its natives. Admitted to statehood in 1959. | Hawaii |
| sought to reestablish native control of the islands, which were effectively being run by U.S. sugar interests. When marines surrounded the palace, she relinquished her control. | Queen Liliuokalani |
| 1787 - Area East of the Mississippi and between the great lakes and the Ohio River. | Northwest Territory |
| 1823 - Doctrine that advocates for separate sphere of influence for Americas/Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention. | Monroe Doctrine |
| Series of conflicts between Native Americans and the colonial/federal government. Largest battles fought as reservations and treaties are broken to allow for settlement of the western territories. | Indian Wars |
| 1876 June - Col. Custer took 265 men attack what they believe is a small band of natives faces 2500 warriors. Custer and all men are dead. Native warriors are following Crazy Hours, Sitting Bull, and Rain-in-the-face. | Battle of Little Big Horn |
| 1890 - Troops ordered to stop Ghost Dance religion took Chief Big Foot and followers to Wounded Knee camp. 200 men, women, and children were killed by the new army machine guns. | Battle of Wounded Knee |
| 1864 - November 19th Col. John Chivington massacred sleeping Cheyenne and Arapaho tribe members including women and children. | Battle of Sand Creek |
| 1862 - Legislation granting 150 acres to anyone who paid the $10 fee and pledged to live and cultivate the land for 5 years | The Homestead Act |
| 1889 - April 22nd noon. First land run into unassigned lands of Oklahoma. Homestead Act follow up granting 160 acres. | Oklahoma Land Rush |
| 1840's - Overland route of wagon trains of migrants from the east to the west coast. 6 month (May - Nov). | Oregon Trail |
| the development of industry on an extensive scale; Using machines and power (energy) to make things. | Industrialization |
| 1793- Eli Whitney- revolutionized the southern economy. Fifty-times as much cotton in a day as someone working by hand. Whitney later became one of the first American industrialists to use the idea of interchangeable parts. | Cotton Gin |
| 1802 - Oliver Evans | Steam Engine |
| 1831-Cyrus McCormick- Mechanized harvesting. First model could harvest 6 acres in one day. | The Reaper |
| 1844- Samuel F. B. Morse- Almost instantaneous long distance communications | Telegraph |
| 1869 - Union Pacific railroad linked with the Central Pacific Railroad, lines connected at Promontory Utah | Transcontinental Railroad |
| American muckraker journalist, photographer, and social reformer. Helped the poor in NY. Wrote "how the other half lives", a book on the lives of the impoverished. | Jacob Riis |
| a Pulitzer Prize-winning prolific American author. He gained particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle, which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry. Contributed to the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. | Upton Sinclair |
| refers to major growth in population in the US and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, (1877-1890). Also, creation of the modern industrial economy. | The Gilded Age |
| Larger than life American Entrepreneurs. | Robber Barons |
| an American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time. Began refinancing and gradual takeover of rail companies. | J.P. Morgan |
| Finance and railroad tycoon in New York City and New York State. | Jay Gould |
| Standard Oil Company- He revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy | John D. Rockefeller |
| American Newspaper magnate. Owner of the New York Journal he warred in the press with Pulitzer. His power and influence through his newspapers and magazines helped push the US into the Spanish American War. | William Randolph Hearst |
| downplays legitimate news in favor of eye-catching headlines that sell more newspapers. It may feature exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. | Yellow Journalism |
| a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient control over a particular product or service to determine significantly the terms on which other individuals shall have access to it. | Monopolies |
| an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. | Unionization |
| 1869 - Mother Jones (Mary Harris Jones) found this union for all workers including blacks and women. | Knights of Labor |
| 1850-1924 - founder of the American Federation of Labor in 1886. Favored unions of skilled craft workers | Samuel Gompers |
| social movements that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society rather than rapid or fundamental changes. | Reform Movements |
| A noted American educator who was renowned for her forthright opinions on women’s education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education | Catherine Beecher |
| An American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Writer of the Declaration of Sentiments for women's rights. | Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| 1848 - Declaration of Sentiments. "All men and women are created equal". Called for the vote, property, person, control of children. | Seneca Falls Declaration |
| Created the first generation of Mental Asylums. | Dorothea Dix |
| American Abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. Published the "liberator" in 1831. Promoted “immediate emancipation” of all slaves in the US. | William Lloyd Garrison |
| February 14, 1818 – February 20, 1895) was an American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. First African American to be nominated for VP. | Frederick Douglas |
| an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from captivity, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves using the network of activists and houses known as the Underground Railroad. | Harriet Tubman |
| Spokesman for the common public school movement and education reform. | Horace Mann |
| 1846 - proposed amendment that would ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. | Free Soil Movement |
| Henry Clay of Kentucky: Missouri would come in as a slave state, and Maine would come in as a free state. In addition, slavery was banned in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of Missouri's southern boundary (latitude 36°30'). | Missouri Compromise |
| Movements started in the 1820's working towards the abolishment of Slavery. The majority of early members were motivated by religious/spiritual conflicts with slavery. Early efforts were tied to returning blacks to Africa. | Abolitionist Movements |
| escaped from slavery in Maryland, gave innumerable speeches about the horrors of his early life. An American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer. First African American to be nominated for VP. | Frederick Douglas |
| began publishing the Liberator in 1831. Garrison attacked slavery as a crime and a sin relentlessly for thirty-five years. | William Lloyd Garrison |
| Garrison helped found the first national organization devoted to abolition and racial equality. | American Anti-Slavery Society |
| escaped from slavery in Maryland in 1849. Tubman also spoke to antislavery gatherings. Most famous conductor of the Underground Railroad; saved over 70 slaves. | Harriet Tubman |
| This was a network of white and black abolitionists who helped escaped slaves reach the North or Canada. The "conductors" on the railroad moved slaves at night, sometimes on foot, sometimes in wagons or carriages. | Underground Railroad |
| 1852 author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin". Novel attacked and exposed the cruelty of slavery and became influential in the US and Britain. The book was seen by many as a major catalyst of the Civil War. | Harriet Beecher Stowe |
| 1854 - Repealed the Missouri compromise line and split the Louisiana purchase into two territories and allowed settlers to accept or reject slavery by popular sovereignty. Enflamed the slavery issue and led opponents to form the Republican Party. | Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| 1854- Illinois Senator - Author of the Kansas-Nebraska act. Wanted to expand territories for rail development. | Stephen A. Douglas |
| Series of 5 congressional statues enacted to calm sectional crisis. Admitted CA as free state, allowed popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah, ended slave trade in CD, paid compensation to TX for New Mexico, and strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act. | Compromise of 1850 |
| 1850 - Federal law denying suspected fugitives a trial by jury, right to testify, and minimal constitutional rights. No effective safeguards against kidnapping free blacks. | New Fugitive Slave Act |
| 1854 - Established following the enactment of the Kansas-Nebraska act. Party members were opposed to the extension of slavery in the western territories. | Republican Party |
| Slaves could not be citizens and were property of their owners. Missouri compromise was deemed unconstitutional, legalizing slavery in all territories. | Dred Scott Decision 1857 |
| John Brown and men seized the federal arsenal and hoped that slaves would rise up and fight a guerilla war from the Appalachian Mountains. | Harper’s Ferry 1859 |
| Fervent abolitionist, he led raided Harpers Ferry and tried to free slaves to fight for his cause. He was executed for treason. | John Brown |
| Set the stage for the Civil War with the election of Abraham Lincoln. 4 party election. Lincoln -Republican Stephen Douglas -North Dem.John C.Breckinridge -Sth. Dem.John Bell - Const. Union | Election of 1860 |
| the sixteenth President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery, only to be assassinated as the war was virtually over. | Abraham Lincoln |
| fought over the Southern States rights to cede from the United State (North v. South) | Civil War War |
| Provisional president of the Confederacy and commander in chief of the Confederate forces. | Jefferson Davis |
| A career United States Army officer, an engineer, and among the most celebrated generals in American history. He is best known for fighting on behalf of the Confederate Army in the American Civil War. | Robert E. Lee |
| an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. | Ulysses S. Grant |
| an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a General in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861–65. Criticized for the of the "scorched earth" tactics used against the Confederacy. | William Tecumseh Sherman |
| 1860-First shots fired in the Civil War. Confederate army shelled the fort for 40 hours until the Union surrendered. | Battle of Fort Sumter |
| First major defeat of the Union forces as they attacked Confederate forces gathered at Manassas Junction Virginia. | Battle of Bull Run |
| 1862- April 6 and April 7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces launched a surprise attack against the Union Army of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and came very close to defeating his army. | Battle of Shiloh |
| 1862 - Sept 17th. Bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil war. Robert E. Lee vs Gorge McClellan. 23,000 casualties. | Battle of Antietam |
| July 4 1863 - Vicksburg is surrendered to U.S. Grant after two month siege. The Confederate surrender is sometimes considered, when combined with Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war. | Battle of Vicksburg |
| (July 1–3, 1863) The battle with the largest number of casualties in the Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Army of Virginia, ending General Lee's invasion of the North | Battle of Gettysburg |
| the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity. | Secession |
| a steam-propelled warship in the latter part of the 19th century, protected by iron or steel armor plates | Ironclads |
| First ironclad warship commissioned by the US Navy. Winner of first ironclad warship battle with the CSS Virginia. | The Monitor |
| First Confederate ironclad warship, renamed the USS Virginia. | The Merrimac |
| North had manpower and supplies but needed to overtake the Confederate states and stomp out resistance. The South lacked the resources but could fight battles they selected and simply needed to resists until the North gave up. | Advantages and disadvantages between the North and the South |
| January 1st 1863 - Lincoln proclaims that slaves of the Confederacy are free. This made clear that abolishment of slavery was an explicit war aim of the North. | Emancipation Proclamation |
| April 9th 1865 - General Robert E Lee surrenders to the Union in Virginia effectively ending the Civil War. | Appomattox Courthouse |
| April 14th 1865 - John Wilkes Booth shoots the President during a play at the theatre. | Lincoln Assassination |
| April 14th 1865 – actor who shot the President during a play at the theatre. | John Wilkes-Booth |
| Location of Lincolns assassination. | Ford Theater |
| Reconstruction plan proposed by Lincoln to readmit Confederate states. Creation of state government, pardon for all Southerners (except Leaders), and readmission of any state after 10% of voters signed a loyalty oath and they abolished slavery. | Ten Percent Plan 1863 |
| Republicans headed by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner. Insisted on black suffrage and federal protection of blacks civil rights. | Radical Republican |
| The seventeenth President of the United States (1865–69), succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of only two U.S. Presidents to be impeached. | Andrew Johnson |
| 1865- Agency established by Congress to provide freedmen with shelter, food, medical aid, establish schools and employment. | Freedman’s Bureau |
| Laws passed by Southern states during reconstruction in effort to maintain prewar social order. Tied freedmen to field work and prevented them from becoming the white man’s equal. | Black codes |
| Northerners who moved south during reconstructions. | Carpet-baggers |
| Southerners who helped the government during the reconstruction | Scalawags |
| Prewar Democrats, Confederate Vets, Southern Whigs taking over Southern government. Believed in Laissez-Faire economics & White power. | Redeemers |
| 1866- Secret terrorist organization established in TN to stop the reconstruction, disfranchise the African American, restore prewar social order. | Ku Klux Klan |
| 1864 - Required the majority of former Confederate state's white males take a loyalty oath and guarantee equality for blacks. Pocket vetoed by Lincoln. | Wade Davis Bill |
| 1865 - Amendment Prohibiting slavery and involuntary servitude. | 13th Amendment |
| 1868 - Provided citizenship to ex slaves and protected equal rights under law for all citizens. | 14th Amendment |
| 1870 - Prohibited denial or abridgement of the right to vote by state/federal government based on race, color or prior slave status. | 15th Amendment |
| President Grants failure to continue to enforce 14th and 15th amendments | Primary Cause for the end of Southern Reconstruction |
| 1876-1965 Separate but equal public facilities and status for non-white groups. | Jim Crow Laws |
| (1896) United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal". | Plessy vs Ferguson |
| nationalism, militarism, and the alliance system. | Causes of WWI |
| love of one’s country and willingness to sacrifice for it | Nationalism |
| a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests | Militarism |
| a group of nations and/or people that worked together to achieve a certain goal. | Alliance system |
| Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. | Central powers |
| France, Britain, and Russia Italy, a pre-war ally of Germany, joined the Allied Powers in 1915. | Allied powers |
| trigger was the 28 June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by a Bosnian Serb. | US Entry into WWI |
| Sinking of both civilian and military boats without warning in any and all waters by submarines. | Unrestricted submarine warfare |
| British steamship sunk by German u-boats. Prompted 3 diplomatic notes from Woodrow Wilson demanding abandonment of unrestricted submarine warfare. | Lusitania |
| Intercepted telegram from Germany to Mexico discussing support of Mexican invasion of Texas if the US was at war with Germany. Brought US into WWI. | Zimmerman Telegram |
| (1917) Bolshevik party led by V. Lenin overthrew provisional government. Anti-capitalist movement. | Russian Revolution |
| a form of warfare in which armies conduct attacks on each other from opposing positions in fortified trenches | Trench Warfare |
| Use of chlorine, mustard, tearing, and blistering gasses were first used during WWI. | Poison gas Warfare |
| First used in WWI brought the ends to standard trench warfare. | Tank Warfare |
| First widely used in WWI, rate of fire enhanced need for trench based combat. | Machine gun Warfare |
| Used early on for reconnaissance and then increasingly for bombing. | Airplane Warfare |
| 2 year "Spanish Flu" spread worldwide and killed between 20 and 100 million people. | The 1918 Flu Pandemic |
| June 28, 1919- The colonies of Germany and those of the Ottoman Empire were divided among the Allied victors. | Treaty of Versailles |
| An attempt following WWI for the Allies to collect war reparations from Germany. | Dawes Plan 1924 |
| 28th president of the US. Established FTC, first progressive income tax, and Federal Reserve Act. Reelected prior to US entering WWI. Proposed the League of Nations (precursor to the UN). | Woodrow Wilson |
| precursor to the UN, established around the treaty of Versailles. 28 nations strong. | League of Nations |
| 31st president and first Catholic. Elected 1 year before the beginning of the great depression. | Herbert Hoover |
| lent money to farmers and financed the formation of farmers' cooperatives. | Federal Farm Board (FFB) |
| provided money to lending institutions for low-interest mortgages. | Home Loan Bank Board |
| This agency was intended to lend money to banks, insurance companies, railroads, and other large enterprises. The idea was that by strengthening key areas of the economy, business failures would decrease and jobs would be saved. | Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) |
| emphasizes the period's social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. Ended finally with the Wall Street Crash of 1929. | Roaring Twenties |
| the equation of personal happiness with consumption and the purchase of material possessions. | Consumerism |
| Purchase of items without upfront payment. | Buying on Credit |
| Amendment passed prohibiting the manufacturing, sales, and transportation of alcohol in the US. | Prohibition 1919 |
| 1920s referred to a "new breed" of young women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to the new Jazz music, and flaunted their disdain. | Flappers |
| established a quote system to regulate the influx of immigrants to America. Restricted number of new immigrants from Europe and Asia | National Origins Act 1924 |
| reduced inheritance and personal income taxes, cancelled many excise imposts, and ended public access to federal income tax returns. | Revenue Act of 1926 |
| October 24th 1929 - Stock market drops 1/2 of value in a single day. | Black Thursday |
| Beginning in October, the build up of prior 2 years gains lost in several weeks. Spills over into the economy causing the Great Depression. By mid-November, stockholders had lost $30 billion. | Stock Market Crash of 1929 |
| Hands off economics backed by the theory of free market. | Laissez Faire Economics |
| Theory of economics that believes the state should stimulate economic growth and improve stability in the private sector - through, for example, interest rates, taxation and public projects. | Keynesian Economics |
| historians most often use as a starting date the stock market crash on October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday. The end of the this period in the U.S is associated with the onset of the war economy of World War II, beginning around 1939 | The Great Depression |
| Roosevelt vs Hoover. Roosevelt defeats Hoover in a landslide centering around the issue of the Depression. | Election of 1932 |
| a series of relief and recovery measures aimed squarely at the worst effects of the Depression. (FDR) goals of giving work to the unemployed, reform of business and financial practices, and recovery of the economy during The Great Depression. | The New Deal |
| FDR undertook a series of measures that were aimed at long-term reform rather than short-term relief. These measures came to be known as the Second New Deal. | Second New Deal |
| Agencies created during the new deal. Named because of the acronyms that were generated. AAA, CAA, CCC, TVA etc. | Alphabet agencies |
| It provided for three things: unemployment insurance for workers who lost their jobs; pensions for retired workers older than 65; and payments to the disabled, the elderly, widows, and orphans. | Social Security Act of 1935 |
| Severe dust storms causing major ecological and agricultural damage to American prairie lands from 1930 to 1940, caused by severe drought coupled with decades of extensive farming without crop rotation or other techniques to prevent erosion. | The Dust Bowl |
| the term used to symbolize a migrant who left the South, Midwest, and sometimes, Southeast United States to settle in masses to restart their lives in the region's agriculture and manufacturing industries. | “Okies” |
| Senator from LA - proposed the "Share the Wealth" movement. Seizure of all fortunes over 5 million and 100% income tax over 1 million. | Huey Long |
| Priest who proposed crank schemes of monetary inflation, nationalization of banks. He also preached bits of anti-Semitism. | Father Coughlin |
| 67 year old physician who proposed pension plan for those over 60. 10 million people signed petition for his Plan | Frances Townsend |
| became chancellor in 1933, and his Nazi Party, which practiced a form of fascism, would run the country for the next 12 years. | Adolph Hitler |
| National Socialist German Workers Party under Adolf Hitler. | Nazism |
| Premier of Japanese military during WWII | Hideki Tojo |
| followers, known as Blackshirts, rose to power in Italy in 1922. | Mussolini |
| the good of the state is placed above the welfare of its citizens, so citizens are expected to serve the state, rather than the reverse. | Facism |
| Allowed for sales of arms to non belligerent forces on a cash only basis and. Cash payment only and US ships could not transport arms. | “Cash and Carry” |
| 1941 - Allowed US to sell, lend, lease, or transfer ware materials to any country who's the President declared vital to that of the US. | Lend/Lease Program |
| December 7th 1941 - Japanese war planes attacked US naval forces at in Hawaii. Sinking ships and killing 2400. Marks the US entrance into WWII | Pearl Harbor |
| Secret program to develop the atomic weapons that were then dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. | Manhattan Project 1942 |
| Father of the Atomic bomb. Scientific director for the Manhattan Project. | Robert Oppenheimer |
| The Nazi eradication of 6 million European Jews. | The Holocaust |
| 1940-1945 - Largest of the Nazi concentration camp. | Auschwitz |
| 1945-1949 - Series of trials noted for the prosecution of political, military, and economic leaders of the Nazi party after WWII. | Nuremburg War Crimes Trial |
| 1945 - Founded after WWII to replace the league of Nations to stop wars between countries and provide a platform for dialogue for disputes. | United Nations |
| 1949 - Ratified after WWII addresses treatment of: 1. Sick and wounded Armed forces2. Sick and wounded naval Forces3. POW treatment 4. Protection of civilians during wartime. | Geneva Conventions |
| Camps setup in the US after the bombing of Pearl Harbor where over 110,000 Japanese nationals and Japanese Americans were relocated. | Japanese internment camps |
| Most widely known and largest of the Japanese internment camps in the US during WWII. | Manzanar |
| Cultural icon representing the 6 million women who first entered the workforce during WWII | “Rosie the Riveter” |
| June 6th 1944 - Landing and invasion at the Beaches of Normandy. | Battle of D-Day |
| Dec 16 - Jan 25th 1945 - Last major German offensive in WWII. The Germans attempted to split the offensive line between British and US forces. | Battle of the Bulge |
| June 4th:7th - Most important battle of the pacific campaign US Navy defeats Japanese Navy 4 fleet carriers and 200 aviators. | Battle of Midway |
| Feb 19:March 16 1945 - First American attack on Japanese home islands. Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed and only 1,083 taken prisoner. | Battle of Iwo Jima |
| Jan 16 1945 - Final major offensive of European Theatre of WWII. Before the battle was completed Hitler commits suicide. | The Fall of Berlin |
| Leader of the United States during WWII. | FDR |
| Leader of Great Britain during WWII. | Winston Churchill |
| Leader of France during WWII. | Charles De Gaulle |
| Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII. | Josef Stalin |
| (General) commanded the combined U.S. and British forces. Became the first Supreme Commander of NATO | Dwight D Eisenhower |
| Escalation of nuclear armaments between the US and Soviet Union post WWII. | Cold War |
| The division of Nazi West Germany into four occupied zones (US, British, French, and Soviet) | Berlin Zones |
| 1948 - US supplied 2 Million Berlin Citizens with supplies to outlast the Soviet land blockade of Berlin. | Berlin Airlift |
| 1961 - Built to divide Eastern and Western Berlin to stop flow of refugees out of Soviet Berlin. | The Berlin Wall |
| Leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 - 1953. Established government based on the principles of Leninism. | Josef Stalin |
| 1945 - 1953 33rd President…Served in WWI and was Vice President for FDR. Called for the foundation of NATO. | Harry S. Truman |
| 1953 - 1961 34th President. Served in WWII and first Supreme commander of NATO. Kept pressure during cold war, started the space race, enlarged social security, and began the interstate highway program. | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| required Congress to give its war-making power to the president. It stated that the US would use armed forces upon request in response to aggression to the US. Furthermore, countries that took stances opposed to Communism were given aid. | Eisenhower Doctrine |
| Theory that if land in one region became communist the surrounding areas would follow. | Domino Theory |
| 1947 - Assertion that the US is committed to support free people everywhere who were resisting subjugation by communist attack or rebellion | Truman doctrine |
| Philosophy that the if Russian expansion could be stopped/contained Russia would resort to peaceful negotiations. | Containment |
| Philosophy of response to an attack with a disproportionate amount of force to the original attack. Threat of nuclear/atomic weapons to discourage ground forces. | Massive Retaliation |
| June 25th 1950 -1953 : War between North and South Korea. Conflict arose from attempts from Korean unification attempts | Korean War |
| Leader of the US forces during the Korean war. Battles of Inchion and Pusan were deciding factors. | General MacArthur |
| River at which UN forces met and were rerouted by the Chinese army during the Korean war. | Yalu River |
| Dividing line between North and South Korea. | 38th parallel (DMZ) |
| 1957 - 1975 Competition of space exploration between the US and the Soviet Union. Satellites, humans into space, land on the moon. | Space Race |
| October 1957 - soviets launch first this artificial satellite. | Sputnik |
| 1958 - Established for space exploration in response to Soviet space program. | NASA |
| 1961-1975 - United States human spaceflight program. | Apollo Missions |
| October 1962 Soviets and US come close to nuclear war when JFK insists that Khrushchev remove 42 missiles he had secretly deployed to Cuba. Soviets sent agreement that they would remove missiles if US agreed to never invade Cuba. | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Successor to Stalin, leader of Soviet Union during the Cuban missile crisis. | Nikita Khrushchev |
| Cuban revolutionary and prime minister from 1959-76 and then president until 2008. Transformed Cuba into a socialist communist state. | Fidel Castro |
| 35th president of the US. Presided over Cuban Missile Crisis, entry into Vietnam, Nuclear test ban treaty, and entry into Civil rights movement. | JFK |
| The Russian term for the political and economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet economy. | Perestroika |
| The policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev. | Glasnost |
| 40th President; thought the Soviet Union could be defeated instead of negotiated, some think he had a great part in the Cold War, others think he has little part. | Ronald Reagan |
| President of the Soviet Union, last head of the USSR when it fell in 1991 | Gorbachev |
| 36th president of the US. Civil Rights, Great Society movement, Vietnam War. Passed the 1964 Civil rights act, 1965 Medicare, Voting Rights Act. | Lyndon B. Johnson |
| 1955 Murdered by segregationists for whistling at a white woman, his murder sparked the rise of the Civil Rights movement. | Emmett Till |
| Dec 1 1955 - Rosa parks refused to give up seat to make room for a white woman. Actions led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott. | Rosa Parks |
| 1925-1965 African American Muslim after 1952 parole became leader of the Nation of Islam. Preached racism and violence against whites | Malcolm X |
| 1929 - 1968 Baptist minister and civil rights activists. Organized Montgomery Bus Boycott and March on Washington in 1963 | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| Large majority of people who do not express their opinions publicly. In Vietnam era theses were the Americans who did not join large demonstrations, counterculture, or speak out. | Silent Majority |
| May 4, 1970 when an Ohio Army National Guard unit fired at students during a war protest on campus, killing four and wounding nine. | Kent State Shootings |
| The mass murder of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam, entirely civilians and some of them women and children, conducted by U.S. Army forces on March 16, 1968. | My Lai Massacre |
| Feb 1968 - Viet Cong launches major offensive in South Vietnam. Political blow to the US campaign results in Lydon B. Johnson deciding to end escalation. | Tet Offensive |
| 36th President of the US. He continued Kennedy’s policy of economic and technical assistance. | Lyndon Johnson |
| 1964 - Congress passes resolution giving Johnson authority to use armed forces in Vietnam, | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| The thirty-seventh President of the United States (1969–1974), and the only president to ever resign the office. He was also the thirty-sixth Vice President of the United States | Richard Nixon |
| Nixon approved a secret bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in this area in March 1969 | Cambodia |
| A series of American political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon that resulted in the indictment of several of Nixon's closest advisors, and ultimately his resignation on August 9, 1974. | Watergate Scandals |
| negotiated talks with the People's Republic of China. | Henry Kissinger |
| buying and selling quickly to make a profit. | speculation |
| the practice of putting up as little as 10 percent of the purchase price of an investment and borrowing the rest. | on margin |
| compensation for damages incurred during a war | reparations |
| the belief that the Depression would be overcome through character-building experiences of individual effort and private enterprise. | rugged individualism |
| hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the South to cities in the North and West. | Great Migration |
| A map showing the changes in elevation of the terrain. Most commonly a topographic map. Lines are labeled with elevation. Frequent lines indicate steep slopes and lines far apart indicate flat surfaces. | Relief map |
| A map showing the climates for particular areas. | Climate map |
| a type of map characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief, usually using contour lines in modern mapping, but historically using a variety of methods. Typically shows both natural and man-made features. | Topographical map |
| a map that shows lines defining countries, states or territories. It is unlike other maps in that its purpose is to show borders. | Political map |
| A map showing the roads. | Road map |
| Any projection in which meridians are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and latitudes are mapped to horizontal lines. | Cylindrical projection |
| meridians are straight equidistant lines, converging at a point which may or not be a pole. Compared with the sphere, angular distance between meridians is always reduced by a fixed factor. | Conic projection |
| Projection used to show accurate area sizes across entire projection. Results in distortion of shape and angle. | Equal area projection |
| Cylindrical map projection into a rectangular map. Share is accurate towards the prime meridian but distorted severely on the poles. | Mercator Map |
| Map projection of the world map used to show the entire world. Created to find a good compromise of showing the entire globe as a flat image. | Robinson Map |
| Map projection of the world to show accurate depiction of area, with loss of fidelity of angle and shape. | Mollweide |
| Directions on the standard compass. | Cardinal direction |
| A landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area usually in the form of a peak. | Mountains |
| a natural stream of water, usually freshwater, flowing toward an ocean, a lake, or another stream. | River |
| stream, river, lake, ocean, etc. | Bodies of water |
| The relation between the length of a feature on a map and the length of the actual feature on Earth's surface. | Scale |
| define geographic boundaries of political entities or legal jurisdictions, such as governments, states or sub-national administrative divisions. | Borders |
| sone of several large landmasses on Earth. | Continent |
| Biome where water is a limiting factor. Less than 10in of annual rain. Located where vegetation is sparse to almost nonexistent. Sometimes loses more rain than it gets. | Desert |
| Areas immediately North and South of the tropic zones | Subtropical |
| Climatic zone between forest and desert. Tall and short grass depending on rainfall. Nutrients are below the ground. Areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. Found on every continent, except Antarctica. | Grasslands |
| Found on every continent, except Antarctica. Global warming is a threat. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost, or permanently frozen soil. Covers about 20% of Earth’s surface. | Artic Tundra |
| is its height above a fixed reference point, often the mean sea level. | Elevation |
| trees drop their leaves before winter because the decrease in temperature limits their ability to photosynthesize. Forest dominated by trees that drop their leaves before winter because the decrease in temperature limits their ability to photosynthesize. | Deciduous forest |
| Forest in temperate regions with warm summers and cool winters. This type of forests is predominately evergreen conifers and some broad leaf evergreens. Ex.- Cedar, Fir, Pine, Spruce, Redwood | Coniferous forest |
| a high-altitude grassland plant community located in an alpine climate, above the tree line of a mountain. | Alpine meadow |
| Symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner. The partner produces food for the lichen from sunlight. | Subartic lichen |
| Gives the point either North or South of the Equator. Gives the point either North or South of the Equator | Latitude |
| no pronounced summer or winter; it is hot and wet throughout the year and rainfall is heavy and falls throughout the afternoon on an almost daily basis. | Tropical equatorial/tropical forest biome |
| Winters are relatively warm and summers are comparatively cool, so the agricultural potential in both oceanic climates and moist tropical highland climates is practically identical. | Marine West Coast |
| the vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. | Continental subartic/tundra biome |
| a climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between polar and tropical air masses. It is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance. | Humid continental |
| Climate zone characterized by hot, humid summers and chilly to mild winters. | Humid subtropical |
| The climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or even preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life. Deserts. | Mid-latitude arid |
| The tropical rainforest is found between 10 ° N and 10 ° S latitude at elevations below 3,000 feet. Southeastern Alaska to Central California | Broad-leaf Rainforest |
| Canada/United States border | Coniferous forest |
| Characterized by dense grass up to 2 meters high. ND, SD, Nebraska, KS, OK, TX, CO, WY and MT, and sizable parts of the states of IN, IL, IA, WI, MO, and MN. | Prairie |
| Cape Cod to the Rio Grande and back up to Canada | Deciduous forest |
| NM, AZ, NV, UT | Desert |
| Alaska | Tundra |
| Any long-term significant change in the "average weather of a region or the Earth as a whole. | Climate change |
| generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. | Culture |
| A group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong. | Subculture |
| an assessment of the possible impact—positive or negative—that a proposed project may have on the natural environment. | Environmental Impact |
| Clearing of vast areas of forests for farming and urban development. Rainforests have been hardest hit. Results in lower O2 and higher CO2. | Deforestation |
| The increase of the average temperature of Earth's near surface air and oceans since the mid 20th century and projected continuation. | Global warming |
| The ongoing effort to provide sufficient primary energy sources and secondary energy forms to fulfill civilization's needs. It involves both installation of established technologies and research and development to create new energy-related technologies. | Energy development |
| the change in population over time, and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for measurement. | Population growth |
| Resources that can be replaced continually at least within a human lifespan. Solar, Air, Wind, Water, Trees, grain, livestock. | Renewable resources |
| Processing of used materials into new products in order to prevent waste of potentially useful materials. | Recycling |
| Resources that can be reused directly without major processing. | Salvageable |
| power to create, amend, and change laws. | Legislative Branch |
| responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. contains the head of government, the President, who is the head of this branch. | Executive Branch |
| explains those laws, conducts trails and test the laws to make sure that they are constitutional. Usually consists of the Supreme Court | Judicial Branch |
| purpose is to try and keep things balanced between state and state, and state and federal laws. | American Federal System |
| One responsibility: to select the president and vice president | Electoral College |
| 435 members- reelection every two years. must Be at least 25 years old, be a U.S. citizen for the past 7 years, and live in the state they represent. | Methods of election for House of Representatives |
| Each of the 50 states sends 2 people, so there are a total of 100-reelection every six years, must be: • Be at least 30 years old, be a U.S. citizen for the past 9 years, and Live in the state they represent. | Methods of election for the Senate |
| Must be: At least 35 years old, a natural born citizen of the United States, and A resident of the United States for 14 years. •Steps 1-4:Primaries and Caucuses, National Conventions, The General (or Popular) Election, and then The Electoral College. | Method of election for the President |
| drafted and Introduced, Committee Action, Floor Action, Conference Committee, Presidential Action, becomes a law | Steps it takes for a bill to become a law |
| 1215-Guaranteed the people of England certain rights, and bound the king to certain laws. Was not intended for the peasants, but was later extended to commoners. | Magna Carta |
| (1776)- A document that states the reasons the thirteen American colonies wanted to be free of Great Britain’s government. | Declaration of Independence |
| passed in November 1777, but the states did not approve them until 1781. Single-chamber Congress, each state had one vote, established states’ rights and provided American Independence, uniting the colonies during the war. | Articles of Confederation |
| The statement of people’s freedoms and rights embodied in the first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Anti-Federalists led the movement. | Bill of Rights |
| 1787-Spreme law of the US. Provide framework for organization of US government; defines three branches of government, established US federal system of government, has been amended 27 times. | US Constitution |
| Task was to create a central government strong enough to prevent the chaos and disruption experienced under the Articles of Confederation, but not so strong as to threaten liberty. | Constitutional Convention |
| sought a much weaker federal government, stronger state governments and a broader role for citizens. | Republicans |
| wanted a strong central government and a minimal role for citizens generally. | Federalists |
| Lower assembly to be elected directly, upper assembly to be chosen by the members of the lower house from lists of candidates submitted by the legislatures and representation for each state to be in proportion to population and taxes. | Bicameral |
| Slaves to be counted as 3/5 of a person for both representation in Congress and assessing taxes. | 3/5 Compromise |
| In Section 2 of Article I; 3/5 Compromise. Section 2 of Article IV; fugitive slaves, were to be returned to their owners. The only limit: end the foreign slave trade in 1808. | Constitution and slavery |
| The Louisiana Purchase (1803), Wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence (1776), served as governor of Virginia from 1779–1781. | Thomas Jefferson |
| He wanted a republican system based on popular involvement. (1789) wrote seventeen amendments. Ten were ratified; these became the Bill of Rights. | James Madison |
| Fifth President of the United States (1817–1825)the acquisition of Florida (1819), the Missouri Compromise (1820), the admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state, and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). | James Monroe |
| (1820), Missouri was declared a slave state | The Missouri Compromise |
| declared U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812. | Monroe Doctrine |
| proposal focused on insuring small states had equal representation in the government. In the final compromise, the New Jersey Plan served as the model for the current US Senate, every state has the same representation, regardless of size and population. | New Jersey Plan |
| plan for a legislature of two houses with proportional representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature. | Virginia Plan |
| (1787-1788)- Eighty-five essays published anonymously under the name of “Publius”. Written by Alexander Hamilton (50), James Madison (30), and John Jay (5), Written to convince the New York state convention to ratify the Constitution | The Federalist Papers |
| First President- 1789–1797-Led the Continental Army to victory over the Kingdom of Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783) and served as the first President of the United States of America (1789–1797). | George Washington |
| established the legal mechanism by which a slaveholder could recover his property, a right guaranteed by the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, Section 2). | The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 |
| Refused to give her seat up on the bus to a white man in 1955. She stood up for the way African American’s were being treated. Supreme Court ruled the segregation laws unconstitutional and said African American’s could sit anywhere on the bus. | Rosa Parks |
| 1947-the first African American to play MLB, he played for the Brooklyn Dodgers | Jackie Robinson |
| founded and led the first successful farm workers' union | Cesar Chavez |
| Associated with Woman’s Rights. Woman's State Temperance Society of New York-dealt with women and children abused by alcohol drinking husbands. Attempted to vote and got arrested. National Woman Suffrage Association. resulted in the 19th Amendment | Susan B. Anthony |
| no government, no laws—is efficient, but lacks a method for resolving disputes. | Anarchy |
| Governance by a hereditary, unelected leader, often based on perceived divine right—is efficient, but usually results in arbitrary leadership. | Monarchy |
| rule by elites Government by a small, elite group.—is efficient, but usually becomes arbitrary and self-serving. | Oligarchy |
| decision-making by elected representatives—is inefficient, but eliminates many of the disadvantages of other systems. | Representative democracy |
| specifically, a government whose authority is obtained and held, directly or indirectly, through free elections in which all competent adult citizens are allowed to participate. | A republic |
| all citizens participating in all decisions—is inefficient, but eliminates arbitrariness. A form of government in which all citizens meet periodically to discuss and vote on almost all matters related to government. | Direct democracy |
| An informal alliance of military leaders and corporations that devise schemes for spending tax revenue for its own benefit. | Military-Industrial Complex |
| A government structure in which religious leaders establish the rules based on their interpretations of religious doctrine. | Theocracy |
| (Latin for “you should have the body”) The right of protection against unlimited imprisonment unless formally charged by a court. | Habeas corpus |
| Describing a legislative assembly comprising one chamber. | Unicameral |
| Economic system of the European nations from the 16th to 18th centuries based on the theory that national wealth and power were best served by exporting finished goods to colonies and in turn extracting raw materials from them. | Mercantilism |
| sought to lower national alcohol consumption. | Temperance movement |
| intended to check governmental power and protect citizens’ rights. helps ensure the success of the Civil Rights movement, provides national access to the Pentagon Papers, exposes police brutality, and guarantees that judges and lawmakers follow laws. | Free Press |
| a society that allows its members considerable freedom (as in a democracy) | Open Society |
| Statements in the 5th and 14th Amendments preventing the national (5th) and state (14th) governments from depriving any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. 6th Amendment is the right to a fair and speedy trial. | Due Process |
| 1803- Adams tried to get many federalists in office; Jefferson refused and Marbury sued Madison (Sec. of State) Judiciary Act of 1789 ruled unconstitutional; gave the Supreme Court authority that was denied by Article III of the Constitution | Marbury v. Madison |
| 1857 Scott was a slave whose owner transferred him to a free state. Owner died, he went back to Missouri-sued for his freedom. The court ruled since Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. | Dred Scott v. Sandford |
| 1896-Equal Protection Clause refused to get out of the “White” train car. Ruled the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution dealt with political and not social equality. | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| African American children were denied the right to attend school with the white children. 1951- Court ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Laws, part of the 14th Amendment. | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas |
| 1973 – Right to an abortion. The Supreme Court struck down the law and ruled that most abortions (during the first two trimesters of pregnancy) are protected by the Constitution. | Roe v. Wade |
| The preamble declares the reason for establishing a new form of government to replace the Articles of Confederation. It reflects ideas and desires inspired by both the American Revolution and the failures of the Articles. | Preamble to the Constitution |
| Creates the National legislature, establishes qualification requirements for members of each house, establishes rules and limits for the Congress, and creates procedure for passage of a bill. | Article 1 of the Constitution |
| Creates the Executive Branch and Presidency, creates procedures and requirements to elect and impeach the president, and defines presidential powers. | Article 2 of the Constitution |
| Creates the National Judiciary, defines the qualifications and powers of the judiciary, and defines treason. | Article 3 of the Constitution |
| Defines the relationship with the states, giving the states "full faith and credit….", and defines process for creating new states. | Article 4 of the Constitution |
| Defines the process to amend the Constitution. | Article 5 of the Constitution |
| Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and protest | 1st Amendment (BOR) |
| State militias or individual right to arms | 2nd Amendment (BOR) |
| No forced housing of military | 3rd Amendment (BOR) |
| Requires warrants for searches | 4th Amendment (BOR) |
| Grand juries and due process; protection from self-incrimination, double jeopardy, and taking property without compensation | 5th Amendment (BOR) |
| Speedy and public trials; to be informed of charges, confront witnesses, issue subpoenas, have assistance of counsel | 6th Amendment (BOR) |
| Jury trials in common law (civil) cases | 7th Amendment (BOR) |
| Prevents excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment | 8th Amendment (BOR) |
| Other non-enumerated rights guaranteed | 9th Amendment (BOR) |
| Non-enumerated powers guaranteed to the states or the people | 10th Amendment (BOR) |
| 1795- Limits the power of the national government in suits against the states | 11th Amendment |
| 1804- Revised the Electoral College procedure to provide for election of President and Vice President. | 12th Amendment |
| 1868- Outlawed slavery | 13th Amendment |
| 1868- Made ex-slaves citizens, Applied due process to the states, equal protection clause, Limited representation to states denied men the right to vote, former rebels ineligible for fed. office, and Repudiated the debt of the Confederate States | 14th Amendment |
| 1870- The right to vote cannot be denied or abridged on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude | 15th Amendment |
| 1913- Authorized the federal income tax | 16th Amendment |
| 1913- Provided for the direct election of United States Senators | 17th Amendment |
| 1919- Prohibited the manufacture or sale of liquor in the Untied States | 18th Amendment |
| 1920- Women's suffrage. The right to vote cannot be limited or abridged on the basis of sex. | 19th Amendment |
| 1933- Lame Duck Amendment, moved the beginning of terms of office for executive and legislative branches to January, and created emergency presidential succession plan | 20th Amendment |
| 1933- Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending prohibition | 21st Amendment |
| 1951- Limits president to two terms | 22nd Amendment |
| 1961- Gave citizens of the District Columbia the right to vote for president | 23rd Amendment |
| 1964- Prohibits the use of poll taxes for federal elections | 24th Amendment |
| 1967- Revised the presidential disability and succession process | 25th Amendment |
| 1971- Lowered the voting age to 18 | 26th Amendment |
| 1992- Delayed the effect of congressional pay raises until an election of Representatives has occurred. | 27th Amendment |
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