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INC1 Module 5
Integrated Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Elements | Substance made entirely from one type of atom; 118 elements |
| Atomic nucleus | Protons and neutrons bound together in the center of the atom |
| Surrounds the nucleus | Electrons |
| Why are atoms electrically neutral | Same # of protons as electrons (+1 cancels -1) |
| Atomic # | # of protons each atom of a given element contains |
| Mass # | # of protons and neutrons in the nucleus; used to describe isotapes |
| Atomic Mass | # of electrons, protons and neutrons |
| Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) | unit to measure the mass of an element; mass of one proton and neutron |
| Isotape | All isotapes have the same # of protons, different number of neutrons |
| Shell model of the atom | at least 7 shells; each shell can hold a limited number of electrons; inner holds 2; 2nd & 3rd holds 8 each; 4th and 5th holds 18 each, and 6th and 7th holds 32 each |
| Valance electrons | Electrons in the outer shell; they are available to participate in chemical bonding |
| Determining the valance electrons using the periodic table | groups, the columns |
| Covalent bonds | sharing of electron pairs; same element oe close to each other in the periodic table; primarily between non-metals |
| Ionic bonds | electrostatic force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions (cation) and the negative ion (anion); one electron donor and one electron acceptor (seesaw) |
| organic compound | Molecules associated with living organisms; any compound containing a carbon atom |
| inorganic compound | Non living; any compound lacking carbon atoms |
| Hydrocarbon | organic compound consisting entirely of H and C |
| Pure substance | consists of only one type of atom, molecule, or ion e.g. tin, water, table salt |
| Mixture | collection of two or more atoms, molecules or ions that are physically mixed |
| Heterogeneous mixture | contains substances that are not evenly distributed e.g. bowl of cereal, pizza |
| Homogeneous mixture | substances are evenly distributed e.g. honey, air |
| Solution | homogeneous mixture consisting of ions or molecules e.g. vodka, salt water, sugar water |
| Solids | occupy a constant amount of space and does not readily deform |
| Liquids | occupy space; form changes readily |
| Gas | has neither volume nor shape; assumes shape/volume of the container |
| When an arrangement melts | molecules begin to move around more and more; they spread out |
| When an arrangement freezes | molecules slow down and become more compact |
| Addition of heat energy; Boiling causes | molecules move/vibrate quickly; they separate and create gas |
| Conductor materials | electric current can flow freely; outer electrons are loosely bound and move freely through material |
| Insulators | prevent the flow of electrons; outer electrons tightly bound |
| Metals | solid at room temp; has a density of 19.3 grams per milliliter e.g. gold, zinc, sodium |
| Nonmetals | solid at room temp; has a density of 3.5 grams per milliliter e.g. oxygen, carbon |
| Metalloids | silicon, arsenic |
| Minerals | rocks and inorganic materially; naturally ocurring |
| Silicates | most common mineral group; contains oxygen and silica; 95% of Earths surface crust e.g. quartz, talc, garnet |
| Non-silicates | usually not rock forming minerals; no silicates e.g. calcite, dolomite, gypsum, alabaster, copper, silver, gold |
| Igneous rocks | crystalline solids for directly for the cooling of magna; names represent composition and texture e.g. granite, lava, pumice |
| Metamorphic rocks | "meta" (change) "morph" (form) any rock can become this; e.g. slate, schist, gneiss, marble |
| Sedimentary rocks | they are secondary rock; they are the result of accumulation of small pieces broken off of pre-existing rocks e.g. conglomerate, limestone, dolomite, travertine, shale |
| Seismic waves | waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs. |
| P-waves | primary waves; fastest kind of seismic wave, and, consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station; can move through solid rock and fluids, like water or the liquid layers of the earth |
| S-waves | secondary waves; which is the second wave you feel in an earthquake; can only move through solid rock, not through any liquid medium. |
| Composition of earth | inner core, outer core, mantle, crust |
| Inner core | solid iron and nickel, dense |
| Outer core | liquid; mostly iron |
| Mantle | thickest layer of earth, hot rock |
| Crust | solid and rocky, continental and oceanic |
| Happens in the outer core when the earth spins | creates a magnetic field by moving electrical current |
Created by:
kmac3936
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