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Intro to Clinic Exam
MT Clinic
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Anatomoy | the study of the structure and relationship between body parts |
| Define Physiology | the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. |
| parasympathetic ns | ANS system that counterbalances nerves. nn arising from the the brain and the lower end of the spinal cord and supplying the internal organs, blood vessels and glands, rest and digest |
| sympathetic ns | fight or flight response, constantly active to maintain homeostasis |
| ANS | automomic ns, devided into parasympathetic and sympathetic, regulat bodys uncounscience actions |
| joint | |
| ligament | short band of tough fibrous connective tissue that connects two bone or cartilage or holds together a joint |
| tendon | flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a mm to bone |
| vein | any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen depleted blood toward the heart |
| artery | any of the muscular walled tubes formin gpart of the circulation system by which oxygenated blood is conveyed from the heart to all parts in the body |
| chambers of the heart | right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle |
| direction of blood through the heart | rigth atrium rec oxygen poor blood from body & pumps it to right ventricle, right ventricle pumps oxygen poor blood to lungs, left atrium rec oxygenated blood from lungs & pumps it into left ventricle, left ventricl pumps the oxygen rich blood to the body |
| name two circulatory routes | pulmonary and systemic |
| pulmonary route | deox blood enters right atrium through superior vena cava/inferior vena cava. deox blood drains into right ventricle through the tricuspid valve, right ventricle contracts blood goes through pulmonary semilunar valve into pulmonary artery to lungs |
| blood vessels | arteries, capillaries, veins |
| systemic circulation | oxygenated vlood leaving the left ventricl through the aorta, and deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium from the body |
| arties carry blood | away from heart either to the general body structure or to the lungs |
| capillaries | microscopic vessels that connect arterioles with venules |
| veins | blood reservoirs or capacitance vessels easily distended. collect blood from tissues and return it to the heart |
| lymphatic system | lymphatic vessels carry lymph towards the heart, not a closed system,contains plasma that escapes thru walls of capillaries, lymphocytes, waste,debris, bacteria, and protein, collects excess fluid & deposits in bloodstream,fights fluid imbalance & disease |
| lymphatic route - capillaries to trunk | lymph journey back to bloodstream by passing into tiny lymphatic capillaries, once in lymphatic system lymph drains into larger vessels called lymphatics, converge to form 1 of 2 large vessels called lymphatic trunks, connected to veins at base of neck |
| lymphatic route-rigth lymphatic duct to subclavian vein | drains upper portion of the body, returning lymh to the blood stream via the right subclavian vein. |
| lymphatic route-throracic duct to left subclavian vein | the thoracic duct drains the rest of the body into the left succalvian vein |
| lymph nodes | small masses of lymph tissue intervals along lymphatic vessels, remove foreign materisla such as infectous microorganisms from the lymph filtering through them |
| number of phalanges | 14 each hand, 5 proximal, 4 mid, 5 distal |
| number of ribs | 12, two floating |
| vertebrae | c7,t12,l5=24 pre sacral. 5 fused sacral and 4 fused coccyx=33 |
| types of joints | plain=vertebrae, gliding=, hinge=elbow and knee, pivot=radius and ulna, ball and socket=shoulder and hip, ellipsoid=occipital condyle, saddle=CMC jt of thumb, condyloid =atlantooccipital |
| parts of the neuron | dendrite, soma, nucleus, node of ranvier, myelin sheath, schwann cells, axon terminal |
| types of neurons | sensory, interneuron, motor neurion |
| interneuron | found in brain and SC, stimulus is neurotransmitter released from a sensory neuron or anotehr interneuron |
| dendrites | neuron parts that detect stimulus, short branches that rec stimuli and conduct impulses to the cell body |
| cell body | neuron part that contains most of the cytoplasm and the nucleus, center of metabolic activity in a neuron |
| synapse | space between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector, this is weher neurotransmitters get released |
| axon | neuron part that sends an action potential away from the cell body, long fiber |
| axon endings | ends of axons that contain vesicles with NTs |
| myelin sheath | layer of lipid rich cells wrapped around the axon to prevent electrolyte loss |
| nodes of ranvier | gaps in myelin |
| nerve | a bundle of sensory and or motor neurons side by side |
| electrolyte | Na+, K+ |
| dermatome | area of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root |
| myotome | group of muscles that a single spinal nerve root innervates |
| sclerotome | area of bone innervated from a single spinal segment |
| depolarization | sodium rushes back into the cell the positive sodium ions rasie the cahrge inside the cell from negative to positive, interior becomes positively charged |
| hyperpolarization | change in a cells membrane that makes it more negative, opposite of depolarization, inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required tomove the membrane potential to the action potential threshold |
| action potential | nerve impulses along membrane or a muscle or nerve cell |
| sodium in an action potential | Sodium outside membrane,sodium channels open with stimulus and sodium rushes in -more sodium goes in than potassium going out |
| potassium in action potential | potassium inside membrane, potassium channels open +30mv after sodium channels close and potassium rushes out to balance membrane polarity |
| sodium potassium pump | 3 Na+ ions bind and go out and 2 K+ ions bind and go in, both move from low concentration to high concentration |
| resting potential | -70mv |
| threshold | -55mv sodium channel opens |
| absolute refractory period | cannot have another action potential and sodium channel cant open |
| 3 layers of meninges | connective tissue which encloses brain, dura mater, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space |
| dura mater | outermost layer of meninges, immediately adjacent to the calvarium and is made up of thick fibrous connective tissue |
| arachnoid mater | two components, continuous membrane adherent to the inner surface of the dura and trabecular which brdige through the subarachnoid space to attach to the pia mater, runs over the surfacr of the brain but does not enter the sulci |
| subarachnoid space | contains blood vessels and the fibrous trabecular of the arachnoid. the CSF runs within this space. |
| reflex arc | nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between |
| reflex | action performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought |
| withdrawal reflex | spinal reflex intended to protect the body from damaging stimuli, polysynaptic causing stimulatio of sensory, association and motor neurons |
| stretch reflex | muscle contraction in response to stretchng(muscle spindle) within the muscle, monosynaptic reflex provides automatic regulation of skeletal muscle length |
| trendon reflex | stretch reflex when the stretch is created by a blow upon a muscle tendon, knee-jerk |
| deep tendon reflex | associated with myscle stretching, tests to determine the integrity of the spinal cord and peripheral ns, detect presence of neuromuscular disease |
| crossed extensor reflex | withdrawal reflex, flexors in the withdrawing limb contract and the extensors relax, while in the other limb the opposite occurs |
| compnents of the CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| components of the PNS | all the nerves in the body that lie outside the CNS |
| Ling | 1800s, massage critical for healing pain, father of massage, gymnastic movements help relieve chronic pain, swedish massage,friction, kneading, stroking, cupping, clapping |
| Mennel | medical physician, symptoms of throacic spinal origin can closely mimic true visceral symptoms, differential diagnosis, ortho based spinal manipulative therapy, famous court preceding contain and eliminate chiropractic treat, physical therapy influence |
| Cyriax | physiotherapist, swedish gymnastics and massage, got med degree, studied and practiced manipulative therapy, ortho med, physical therapist best for manipulative tech, selective tissue tension testing |
| dicke | german physiotherapist, bindegewebsmassage, connective tissue massage, connective tissue therapy |
| kellog | american med dr ran sanitarium using holistic methods 18-1900s,nutrition, enemas and exercise, vegetarianism, health reformer, art of massage therapy |
| finn | sports massage, paavo nurmi |
| age of majority | age when reach adult 18-21yrs |
| transference | redirection to a substitute, usually a therapist, of emotions that were orginially felt in childhood |
| counter-transference | redirection of a psychotherapists feelings toward a client, or more generally as a therapists emotional entanglement with a client |
| projection | humans defend themselves against unpleasant impulses by denying their existance in themselves, while attirbuting them to others, rude accuse others of being rude |
| repression | repell ones own desire and impulses toward pleasurable instants by excluding the desire from ones consciousness and holding or subduing it in the unconscious. |
| privacy violation | violated health information privacy rights, willful neglect |
| HIPAA | health Insurance portability and accountability act |
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