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A2 Anxiety
key terms for anxiety and goal setting
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anxiety | The negative form of stress which leads to increase arousal levels and a potential decrease in performance level. |
| Somatic anxiety | Physiological responses to a situation where a performer feels that they may be unable to cope; symptoms include increased heart rate, sweaty palms, muscle tension and nausea |
| State anxiety | Anxiety felt in a particular situation |
| Cognitive anxiety | Thoughts, nervousness, apprehension or worry that a performer has about their lack of ability to complete a task successfully |
| Trait anxiety | An enduring personality trait giving a tendency to view all situations as threatening |
| Self-report questionnaires | These involve performers answering a series of questions concerning their emotions in specific situations. |
| Observation | A performance is assessed in the actual performance situation. • Individual behaviour: • Aspects of performance The information is analysed and repeated behaviour patterns are noted. |
| Biofeedback | Biofeedback involves monitoring the physiological responses of the performer Data is collected on changes in heart rate, muscle response, respiration rate, sweat production and levels of hormone secretion. |
| Stress management methods | Cognitive Somatic |
| Cognitive methods | Imagery Thought stopping Self-talk Attentional control |
| Somatic techniques | Bio feedback Breathing control Progressive muscle relaxation Relaxation |
| Value of Goal setting | 1. Identifies future targets 2. In order to maintain or improve performance; 3. Aids motivation; 4. Evaluates progress |
| Outcome Goal | judges the performance of and individual; against others and the end result |
| Principles of goal setting | • Specific • Measurable • Accepted • Realistic • Time based • Exciting • Recorded |
| Performance goal | Judges against the performers own standards i.e. how they perform (stroke action) /use of own PB |
| How Goal setting can improve performance | 1. Task persistence 2. Focuses on a target to aim for 3. Motivates performer 4. Reduces stress/anxiety 5. Increases self-efficacy |
| Observation Advantages | Advantages • completed in the performance situation • specific situations which cause stress can be identified • difficult for performer to manipulate evidence over an extended period of time |
| Observaion disadvantages | Disadvantages • subjective • several observers should be watching to ensure all actions are noted • the performer should be well-known to the observers, allowing them to identify any unusual and uncharacteristic behaviour patterns |
| Biofeedback Advantages | Advantages • objective evidence collected |
| Biofeedback disadvantages | Disadvantages • Difficult to record information during an actual performance (athlete has to be ‘wired-up) natural reaction to being evaluated being replication of the competitive environment is difficult in the laboratory situation. |
| Self-report questionnaires Advantages | Advantages • ease of administration • large numbers can be assessed quickly • cheap to administer. |
| Self-report questionnaires disadvantages | Disadvantages: • misinterpretation of the questions • the respondents may not answer honestly • inappropriate questions may be used (bias) • the actual time of completion • the available responses |
| Process goal | goal focuses on what to do in order to achieve outcome or performance goals |
Created by:
Tina Dean
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