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HST 303 - Lec7
China, Japan & East Asia in World History - Lecture 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Private _____ flourished during late Ming period | commerce |
| Most of the private trade during the late Ming was _____ | domestic |
| During the late Ming period, the _____ _____ was reopened | Grand Canal |
| The Grand Canal made it easier for government to get _____ paid as tax from the south to the north | grain |
| During the late Ming period, both government and private traders made use of the canal and efficiently connected _____ in the south. | waterways |
| The _____ became widely used during the late Ming period. | abacus |
| Ming were still suspicious of foreign trade, so foreign trade was mainly _____. | contraband |
| During the late Ming period, there was a flourishing contraband trade with _____. | Japan |
| In China, Japanese contraband was seen as luxury goods: Japanese _____ _____ and metalwork | lacquer ware |
| During the late Ming period, exotic goods: edible _____ _____ from Indonesia, turkeys from America | sea slugs |
| _____ started to become popular in China during the 17th century | Tobacco |
| Eventually government policies relaxed during the late Ming period and became more open toward foreign trade. Some _____ became officially opened up for all trade. | ports |
| Portuguese first to establish themselves in the Ming area, and by the 1550s they had established a permanent base at _____. | Macao |
| 1571 –_____ established base in Manila in the Philippines, but most of the trade there was Chinese. | Spanish |
| European participation in Asian trade was mainly through _____. | money |
| Gold and silver from the Americas was currency, but otherwise Asians did not yet desire any_____ _____. | Western goods |
| The Dutch were driven from their base in Taiwan (which they had from 1624 – 1662) by Chinese _____ | pirates |
| Pirate leader _____ _____ became first Chinese ruler of Taiwan | Zheng Chenggong |
| After Zheng Chenggong became the ruler of Taiwan, many Europeans then mainly received Chinese goods in their Southeast Asian bases through Chinese _____ who had settled there, rather than to get involved themselves. | middlemen |
| During the late Ming, members of Catholic _____ order came to China | Jesuit |
| Jesuits were very educated since they required 9 years of study of _____ and _____ | sciences ; humanities |
| Jesuits brought with them many new things - Introduction of world maps, _____. | telescopes |
| Jesuits converted 10s of 1000s of Chinese by the end of the __th century. Some scholars argue that there may have been as many as 200,000. | 17 |
| Jesuits were well-respected for their _____ since _____ was always valued in China. | education; education, |
| Another reason for the popularity of Jesuits - accepted _____ as secular philosophy, rather than a religion, and allowed it to be practiced alongside Christianity. | Confucianism |
| Missionaries from other orders were outraged that Jesuits allowed Confucianism, and so the _____ banned practice of toleration of Confucianism (Jesuit practices). | Pope |
| The Pope’s banning of tolerance of Confucianism severely limited _____ in China. | conversion |
| The Europeans in China were also very interested in local _____, philosophy, and luxury goods | maps |
| Many Europeans were fascinated by China’s ancient culture because it began long before the then accepted date of the _____ _____. | biblical flood |
| Intellectualism and wealth among the Chinese spread during late Ming times, which caused popular cultural _____ | fashions |
| Late Ming fashion items to own included paintings, calligraphy, _____ _____, antique bronzes | musical instruments |
| Late Ming was also a period of extravagant _____. | landscaping |
| Many books on various subjects emerged during the late Ming period . Male literacy rate estimated at __-__% in 17th century | 40; 50 |
| Despite the wealth of its population, the Ming government was _____, started to disintegrate | bankrupt |
| _____ conquest of China began in 1644 | Manchu |
| The Manchus formed one of the greatest early modern empires, often referred to as a _____ _____Empire. | Gun Powder |
| Manchu were a new group, with the people largely made up of _____ | Jurchen |
| The Manchu language was essentially the _____ language | Jurchen |
| _____, 1559 – 1626, founder of Manchu imperial line | Nurgaci |
| Nurgaci invented the _____ System | Banner |
| The banner system helped _____ large forces | organize |
| The banner system initially brought different _____ together under one banner | ethnicities |
| Banner status quickly became _____ and closed off | hereditary |
| All Banner people had to wear a certain _____ and clothing, and learn how to speak Manchu. This created new, unique ethnic identity | hairstyle |
| Nurgaci’s successor adopted emperor title and dynastic name of _____ | Qing |
| The Manchu were closely associated with the _____. | Mongols |
| At the same time as the Manchu Qing empire was rising in the Northeast, Mongol _____ empire was rising in the Northwest | Zhungar |
| A common thread linking the Qing and Zhungar was _____ _____. | Tibetan Buddhism |
| The Qing and Zhungar were both patrons of _____ _____. | Tibetan Lamas |
| 1578 – Zhungar Mongols bestowed title of _____ _____ onto a Tibetan Buddhist leader | Dalai Lama |
| Manchus included Tibet in the orbit of the Qing dynasty and made Tibet a _____. Qing garrison placed at Tibetan capital of Lhasa in 1720 | protectorate |
| The Manchu destroyed _____ empire by 1759 | Zhungar |
| Tibetan Buddhism remained important for the Manchu, and dozens of buildings that they captured in _____ were dedicated to it. | Beijing |
| Even before the Manchu invasion, rebellion erupted in _____ China | Ming |
| 1644 – rebel leader _____ _____ captured Beijing | Li Zicheng |
| When the rebels captured Beijing, a loyal Ming general requested _____ assistance | Manchu |
| In 1644, Manchu forces defeated _____ army and later the same year entered Beijing | rebel |
| The Manchu took measures to gain popularity in China: tax cuts, full _____ _____ for last Ming emperor | ceremonial burial |
| After taking Beijing, the Manchu argued that the _____ _____ _____ had passed on to them. | Mandate of Heaven |
| Manchus felt the Mandate of Heaven passed to them because took control of northern China relatively easy, so clearly the previous imperial line had _____. | failed |
| The Manchu used Confucian philosophy to their advantage to take over in China. Despite that, there was fierce _____ in the South | resistance |
| Manchu conquest of China not fully completed until 1683 when they took over _____. | Taiwan |
| During the Qing dynasty, there remained much _____ among Chinese population. | discontent |
| Manchus feared _____ because of Chinese discontent. | rebellion |
| Manchu _____ people set themselves up as separate ruling elite | Banner |
| Manchu Banner people were originally only allowed to serve as _____ soldiers or officials. | salaried |
| Manchus maintained their own language and names. Their women did not_____ _____ _____. | bind their feet |
| _____ between Manchu and Chinese was forbidden. Chinese could not move to _____. | Intermarriage; Manchuria |
| Manchu _____ was enforced by law. | hairstyle |
| Official Qing languages: Manchu, _____, Chinese | Mongol |
| Over the centuries, it became difficult to maintain Manchu as a language since the Banner people made up only about __% of the total population, and today the Manchu language is nearly extinct. | 1 |
| _____ influence remained important during the Qing dynasty. | Tibetan |
| The beginning of the late Choson period in Korea is usually marked by 1592 – first _____ invasion | Japanese |
| Japan’s intention to was eventually invade China, so 158,000 men landed in Korea. They took _____, the Choson capital, in 3 weeks | Seoul |
| Japanese _____ overran nearly the whole Korean peninsula. | samurai |
| Korean admiral Yi Sun-sin interrupted Japanese _____ _____and forced victory | shipping lines |
| First extensive use of iron plated warships invented in Korea – called _____ _____ | Turtle Ships |
| _____ eventually sent support force from China to Korea, and Korean action against the Japanese began all over the peninsula. | Ming |
| 1597 – second Japanese invasion. Unsuccessful. _____, the driving force behind invasions campaign, died, bringing an end to it. | Hideyoshi |
| Korea had been devastated by invasion, turned to _____ | isolationism |
| Even before the Manchus started to attack the Ming dynasty, they invaded _____ in 1627 and 1637 | Korea |
| Choson Korea became a Manchu _____ _____ | tributary state |
| Despite being a tributary state of Manchu, many Koreans looked down on Manchus as _____. | barbarians |
| With China under Manchu rule, Koreans saw Korea as last remaining seat of proper _____ civilization | Confucian |
| During Manchu rule over Korea, agricultural techniques improved, new crops arrived from the _____. | Americas |
| As a result of improved agriculture in Korea during Manchu rule, _____ _____ and market economy became much more important. | cash farming |
| During Manchu rule over Korea, Korea remained extremely isolationist, and trade was done mainly _____ _____. | within Korea |
| There were very few Christians in Korea during Manchu rule, and after 1790 Christianity could not be practiced due to papal ban on inclusion of Confucian practices – edict that Confucian _____ _____ could not be practiced by Catholics. | ancestral worship |
| 1543 – stranded Portuguese brought _____ to Japan for the first time. | firearms |
| Portuguese weapons were replicated by Japanese _____. | artisans |
| Despite newfound firearm technology, after _____’s failed invasions of Korea, the plans of expanding the empire beyond Japan’s borders were abandoned and Japan became more isolationist | Hideyoshi |
| During Japan’s isolationist period, there was trade with Portuguese as middlemen between the very productive Japanese _____ _____ and China where silver was currency | silver mines |
| Trade brought great wealth to Japanese nobles--_____ became wealthy, built larger armies, strengthened their castles | Daimyo |
| New fortifications and strategies were needed because of newly introduced firearms. The days of _____ combat between mounted warriors were definitely coming to an end. | single |
| Middle of 16th century, Japan was divided into around __ Daimyo domains, which were pretty much independent states. | 120 |
| One of the Daimyo domain leaders, _____ _____ (1534 – 1582) rose to power by first assisting the Shogun militarily, and then he exiled Shogun | Oda Nobunaga |
| Oda Nobunaga started to reunify Japan. He ruled largely through _____ _____, rather than through any administrative structure. | military force |
| Resistance to Oda Nobunaga was largely from _____ sects and was thrown down brutally | Buddhist |
| 1582 – Oda was murdered. The former military leader, _____ assumed command over Oda’s forces. Within 8 months reunification of Japan was complete. | Hideyoshi |
| To make this possible, Hideyoshi had to allow many of the Daimyu to continue largely as they had before. Many of his allies were quite strong _____ to him, and some owned more than him. | competition |
| 1588 – ‘_____ _____” to disarm peasantry | Sword Hunts |
| Clear line was drawn between _____ and Samurai for the first time with the Sword Hunts. | peasants |
| After Hideyoshi’s death at the time of the second Japanese invasion of Korea, his strongest ally, Tokugawa Ieyasu, became Shogun. He held unchallenged military power & had the right _____ for the position to be granted the Shogunate. | ancestry |
| _____ Shogunate (1603 – 1868) | Tokugawa |
| After a _____ rebellion (1637/38) during the Tokugawa Shogunate, foreign influences were even more strictly limited | Christian |
| Foreign travel for Japanese people banned in ____ | 1635 |
| Portuguese and _____ were expelled from Japan during the Tokugawa Shogunate. | Spanish |
| During the Tokugawa Shogunate, there was some limited, strictly controlled trade exchange with the _____. | Dutch |
| During the Tokugawa Shogunate, Japan continued a cultural exchange with mainland China, and the Confucian _____ was founded as a result. | academy |
| During the Tokugawa Shogunate, all Japanese had to register with a _____ temple and confirm that they were not Christian | Buddhist |
| Tokugawa period was the _____ _____ of Confucianism in Japan | golden age |
| During the long period of peace in the Tokugawa period, Samurai formulated _____: the way of the military gentleman | Bushido |
| Samurai justified their peace-time non-productive existence by claiming that leisure time allowed them to cultivate Confucian values of _____, _____, and _____, and that they were in the position to set a virtuous example to the commoners. | loyalty; duty; service |
| The Tokugawa Shogunates did not eliminate the Daimyo, but they were required to swear oath of allegiance. _____ were alliances and were supervised. Restriction on number of _____ men and castles that could be maintained at the same time. | Marriages; armed |
| Daimyos had to spend half their time in _____ (modern day Tokyo), the Tokugawa Shogun’s city | Edo |
| Spending ½ their time in Edo kept Daimyos under control: put family members in _____ positions, extra expense drained resources from having to maintain 2 households. | vulnerable |
| As a result of Daimyos spending ½ their time in Edo, new networks of _____ and _____ _____centering on Edo were developed. | roads; communication lines |
| During Tokugawa times, castle towns developed around _____ of Samurai who needed goods and resources, so trade was going through these channels quite frequently. | |
| During Tokugawa times, general demand in Edo at the _____ _____ increased, and the economy flourished in new towns and in Edo | castle towns |
| During Tokugawa times, _____ and _____ moved to the new towns | merchants and artisans |
| During Tokugawa times, much high and low class cultural _____ developed | entertainment |
| In the 1st century of the Tokugawa period, there was population increase—the population of Japan more than _____. | doubled |
| During Tokugawa times, rural population became wealthier through new sidelines (e.g. _____ production and _____ _____ brewing) and related trade | sake; soy sauce |
| During Tokugawa times, Daimyo still collected taxes in kind and needed big merchant houses to turn it into money. Many lost out while merchant houses _____. | prospered |
| During Tokugawa times, Daimyos had to cut _____ salaries, leaving many impoverished and discontent | Samurai |
| During Tokugawa times, the Japanese perfect social order undermined - low status _____ and _____ who had never been allowed to aspire to higher status were better off than many old elites. | peasants and merchants |
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