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Embalming Q3
Final Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blood composition after death | 85% capillaries 10% veins 5% arteries 45% solid 55% liquid |
| reasons for blood drainage | 1. slow post-embalming decomposition 2. make room for arterial solution 3. permit disinfection 4. remove blood discolorations 5. reduce secondary dilution 6. remove a tissue that rapidly decomposes 7. remove bacteria present in the blood |
| most common/effective drainage method | alternate drainage |
| method of injection-drainage in which embalming solution is injected and then injection is stopped while drainage is open | alternate drainage |
| method of drainage in which the drainage is stopped at intervals while the injection continues | intermittent drainage |
| method of drainage in which drainage occurs continuously during vascular injection | concurrent drainage |
| which drainage methods are considered "restricted"? | alternate & intermittent |
| possible dangers of heart tap | might clog trocar & might damage arterial system |
| heart tap: aim trocar at the ____ ear lobe | right |
| dark red, soft & fragile rapidly-forming clot that forms before blood separates; most easily removed clot | Cruror/Red Currant Jelly clot |
| yellowish-white clot that forms when red & white blood cells separate; takes longer to form | Chicken Fat clot |
| clot found in the right atrium of the heart; fibrin separates out from blood and forms a sticky & hard clot; problematic during aspiration | White Fibrin clot |
| methods for assisting drainage | - anticoagulant - massaging - pre-injection - hot/cold compresses -drain tube |
| the direct treatment other than by arterial injection of the contents of the body cavities & the lumina of the hollow viscera | cavity treatment |
| purposes of cavity treatment | 1. weight of viscera prevents embalming of viscera via arterial injection 2. must remove decomposing material inside 3. must treat lumina of hollow viscera |
| 9 Regional Plan: upper right | right hypochondriac |
| 9 Regional Plan: upper left | left hypochondriac |
| 9 Regional Plan: upper middle | center epigastric |
| 9 Regional Plan: middle right | right lateral/lumbar |
| 9 Regional Plan: middle left | left lateral/lumbar |
| 9 Regional Plan: middle middle | center umbilical |
| 9 Regional Plan: lower right | right inguinal/iliac |
| 9 Regional Plan: lower left | left inguinal/iliac |
| 9 Regional Plan: lower middle | center hypogastric/pubic |
| main trocar guides | stomach, cecum, urinary bladder, heart |
| trocar guide: stomach | toward intersection of 5th intercostal space & left midaxillary line |
| trocar guide: cecum | toward 1/4th of the distance from right anterior superior iliac spine to the public symphysis |
| trocar guide: urinary bladder | toward the intersection of the midline & pubic bone |
| trocar guide: heart | toward the right ear lobe up until the diaphragm, lower to get under rib |
| cases requiring reaspiration | 1. ascites 2. blood infection 3. Crones disease 4. pulmonary infections 5. infectious disease of abdominal 6. obesity 7. shin-ins |
| the postmortem evacuation of any substance from any external opening of the body (including incisions) | purge |
| causes of purge | - pressure - rupture - gas buildup - diseases in GI tract - encephalitisis - cerebra hemorrhage - post-operative cases |
| brown colored purge with sour odor, coffee ground consistency, mostly liquid | stomach purge |
| white frothy odorless purge | lung purge |
| cream-colored sticky purge | brain purge |
| conditions predisposing to purge | 1. decomp 2. delay between death & embalming 3. drowning/asphyxia 4. ab, thoracic or cranial surgery 5. tissue gas 6. hydrothorax/ascites 7. peritonitis or blood infections 8. varices, GI tract ulcers, internal hemorrhages 9. warm environment |
| which arteries of the head must be clamped off for an autopsy? | internal carotids |
| which arteries should be ligated for an autopsy case? | 1. external iliacs 2. axillaries or subclavians 3. common carotids |
| attaching the calvarium: notches present | 1 notch on frontal bone, other notches on temporal bones |
| attaching the calvarium: notches not present | 1. suture through temporalis muscles 2. calvarium clamps 3. drill holes in calvarium & temporal bones 4. superglue 5. plaster of paris 6. needle injector wires |
| autopsy: arteries to inject lower extremities | ideal: common iliac backup: external iliac |
| autopsy: arteries to inject upper extremities | ideal: subclavians backup: axillaries |
| other arteries to clamp off (autopsy case) | 1. vertebral 2. internal thoracic 3. internal thyroid |
| desquamation | skin-slip |
| separation of the upper layer of skin (epidermis) from the deeper dermal layer | skin-slip |
| cause of skin-slip | decomposition of rete mucosum |
| sloughing off of the epidermis, wherein there is a separation of the epidermis from the underlying dermis | skin-slip (desquamation) |
| postmortem accumulation of gas in tissues or cavities brought about by an anaerobic gas-forming bacillus, Clostridium perfringens | tissue gas |
| the formation of cavities in an organ or tissue | cavitation |
| "rice krispies" feel | crepitation |
| cavitation is frequently seen in some _________ cases | tuberculosis |
| cases predisposing to stomach purge | 1. GI tract diseases 2. stomach cancer 3. colitis 4. peritonitis 5. ulcerations 6. intestinal obstructions |
| cases predisposing to lung purge | 1. tuberculosis 2. pneumonia 3. lung cancer |
| cases predisposing to brain purge | 1. encephalitis 2. meningitis 3. cerebral hemorrhage |
| bacteria that causes tissue gas | Clostridium perfringens (Clostridium welchii) |
| cases that predispose to tissue gas | 1. antemortem infection 2. compromised immune system 3. intestinal perforation, ulceration or hemorrhage 4. intestinal carcinoma 5. appendicitis/peritonitis 6. septicemia 7. gun shot/stab wounds 8. intro of bacteria from outside source (trauma) |
| conditions that predispose to skin-slip | 1. edema 2. heat blisters 3. frost bite 4. burns |
| conditions that predispose to dehydration | 1. hemorrhage 2. febrile diseases 3. high or chronic fever 4. chronic or exhausting diseases that interfere with hydration 5. vomiting/diarrhea 6. burns 7. refrigeration |
| embalming treatment: dehydrated case | - slow rate - large volume - mild fluid - restricted drainage - pulse - humectant - anticoagulant (co-injection) - massage cream |
| dropsy | edema |
| abnormal accumulation of a plasma-like fluid (mostly water) in the cells, intercellular tissue spaces, and/or cavities of the body | edema |
| water invades the cells themselves, causing hardening of the cell & reduction of intercellular space | solid edema |
| condition in which interstitial spaces contain such excessive amounts of fluid that the skin remains depressed after palpation | pitting edema |
| abdominal edema | ascites |
| hydroperitneum | ascites |
| edema in the chest; between lungs & lung covering | hydrothorax |
| pleurisy | hydrothorax |
| increase of pericardial fluid | hydropericardium |
| water/fluid in the cranial cavity | hydrocephalus |
| water/fluid in the scrotum | hydrocele |
| general (widespread) edema | anasarca |
| causes of edema | 1. congestive heart failure 2. renal failure/insufficiency 3. arteriosclerosis 4. hyperthemia (1st & 2nd degree burns) 5. alcoholism/cirrhosis of liver 6. carbon monoxide poisoning 7. chemotherapy 8. lymphatic damage/obstruction 9. lung diseases |
| embalming problems caused by edema | 1. distention 2. increased secondary dilution 3. increased preservative demand 4. skin-slip 5. early & extensive decomposition 6. skin too soft 7. arterial constriction |
| embalming treatment: generalized edema | - no preinjection - strong unmodified hydroscopic fluid - 3-5% minimum - edema fluid coinjection - astringent - low pressure - low rate - massage/squeeze & release - hypodermic injection |
| embalming treatment: dependent edema | - sectional embalming - inject affected part separately - body gets normal arterial - hypodermic injection (95% phenol/cavity/cauterant) |
| when moisture is retained by the cell, or abnormal amounts of moisture are allowed to pass into the cell | solid edema |
| sequence of postmortem color change | 1. postmortem hypostasis (begins at death) 2. livor mortis (begins 20 mins after death) 3. postmortem stain (6 hrs after death) 4. formaldehyde grey (after embalming) |
| discoloration: Addison's disease | bronze |
| discoloration: leukemia | petecheae |
| discoloration: jaundice | yellow (bilirubin) green (biliverdin) |
| discoloration: sulpha drugs (penicillin) | bruise-like |
| discoloration: atabrine | yellow (bilirubin) |
| discoloration: methylene blue | blue |
| separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial and/or autolytic enzymes | decomposition |
| signs of decomposition | 1. color changes 2. odor 3. purge 4. gases 5. desquamation |
| end products of lipid decomposition (lipolysis) | glycerol & fatty acids |
| end products of carbohydrate decomposition (fermentation) | organic acids, then carbon dioxide & water |
| end products of protein decomposition (putrefaction) | amino acids |
| hardening/calcification of arteries | arteriosclerosis |
| softening of arteries | atheroma/atherosclerosis |
| hardening of veins | phlebosclerosis |
| clot attached to the lumen | thrombus |
| clot that moves through the lumen | embolus |
| weakening in the wall of an artery that causes a bubble & eventually breaks | aneurysm |
| embalming treatment: decomposition case | - 3-5% at least - firming fluid - avoid humectant/cosmetic fluid - 6 point injection - low pressure - low rate - hypodermic injection - possibly waterless |
| any fetus that dies prior to delivery | stillborn |
| any infant weighing less than 5 pounds at birth or born prior to the 37th week of gestation | premature (preterm) |
| from birth to 18 months old | infant |
| 18 - 48 months old (1 1/2 - 4 years) | toddler |
| 4 years old - puberty | child |
| arteries for infant embalming (non-autopsy) | 1. common carotid 2. femoral/external iliac 3. abdominal aorta 4. ascending aorta |
| arteries for infant embalming (autopsy) | 1. common carotid 2. iliac 3. subclavian 4. axillary |
| methods for embalming stillborns | 1. osmosis method 2. paraformaldehyde in lidded box |
| peach fuzz hair | lanugo |
| arteries/structures for premature infant embalming | 1. carotid 2. abdominal aorta 3. ascending aorta 4. arch of aorta 5. arterial umbilical vessel (can be problematic) |
| arteries for embalming 4 - 12 year olds (unautopsied) | 1. common carotid 2. femoral |
| arteries for embalming 4 - 12 year olds (autopsy) | 1. common carotid 2. external iliac 3. internal iliac 4. subclavian |
| organs of infants requiring special attention during aspiration | liver & brain |
| tuberculosis: modes of transmission | 1. ingestion 2. inhalation 3. casual contact 4. broken skin |
| tuberculosis: symptoms | 1. emaciation 2. fever 3. cavitation/tubercles 4. dehydration |
| candidates for tuberculosis | the fatigued and those with low resistance or compromised resistance |
| tuberculosis: embalming problems | 1. dehydration 2. purge 3. clotting |
| tuberculosis: cause | mycobacteria |
| painful cutaneous skin lesions with nodular appearance, usually on the face & neck; caused by tuberculosis | lupus vulgaris |
| embalming treatment: purge | - begin at suspected source as soon as it occurs - allow purge to continue - protect skin from acidic burns - treat after arterial injection - cavity treatment - cranial aspiration - penetrate cribriform plate of ethmoid bone |
| embalming treatment: tissue gas | - high index - special fluid - 55% cavity fluid - hypodermic injection of cavity fluid into gas-filled area & surrounding area & underneath - reinjection if tissue gas appears after embalming |
| preferred artery for arteriosclerosis case | femoral artery in sitiu |
| incision size for infants | 1/2" |
Created by:
leahmurphy
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