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Mosbys Essentials #4

Mosby's Essential Sciences - Chapter 4

WordDefinition
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A progressive disease that begins in the central nervous system and involves the degeneration of motor neurons and the subsequent atrophy of volantary muscle. Also called Lou Gehrig disease.
Ascending tracts Tracts that carry sensory information to the brain.
Axon A single enlongated projection from the nerve cell body that transmits impulses away from the cell body.
Brain The largest and most complex unit of the nervous system, the brain is responsible for preception, sensation, emotion, intellect, and action.
Brainstem The primitive portion of the brain that contains centers for vital functions and reflex actions, such as vomiting, coughing, sneezing, posture, and basic movement patterns.
Central nervous system The brain and spinal cord and their coverings.
Cerebellum The second largest part of the brain, it is involved with balance, posture, coordination, and movement.
Cerebrospinal fluid A clear, colorless fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord, cushioning and protecting these structures and maintaining proper pH balance.
Cerebrum The largest of the brain divisions, it consists of two hemispheres that occupy the uppermost region of the cranium. It receives, interprets, and associates incoming information with past memories and then trasmits the appropiate motor response.
Dendrites Branching projections from the nerve cell body that carry signals to the cell body.
Descending tracts Tracts that carry sensory information from the brain to the spinal cord.
Dorsal root One of two roots that attaches a spinal nerve to the spinal cord.
Epilepticus A continous seizure.
Essential tremor A chronic tremor that does not proceed from any other pathologic condition.
Gray matter Unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the central nervous system.
Monoplegia Paralysis of a single limb or a single group of muscles.
Myelin A white, fatty, insulating substance formed by the Schwann cells that surrounds some axons. Also produced in the central nervous system by oligodendrocytes.
Neurilemma The outer cell membrane of a Schwann cell that is essential in the regeneration of injured axons.
Neuroglia Specialized connective tissue cells that support, protect, and hold neurons together.
Neurons Nerve cells that cinduct impulses.
Neurotransmitters Chemical compounds that generate action potentials when released in the synapses from presynaptic cells.
Paraplegia Paralysis of the lower portion of the body and of both legs.
Quadraplegia Paralysis or loss of movement of all four limbs.
Schwann cell A specialized cell that forms myelin.
Spinal cord Portion of the central nervous system that exits the skull into the vertebral column. The two major functions of the spinal cord are to conduct nerve impulses and to be a center for spinal reflexes.
Synapse Spaces between neurons or between a neuron and a effector organ.
Tracts Collections of nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord with a common function.
Ventral root One of two roots that attaches a spinal nerve to the spinal cord.
White matter Myelinated nerve fibers, particularly those found in brain and spinal tissue.
Acetylcholine Stimulates the skeletal muscles and primarily acts on the parasympathetic nervouse system. Plentiful in the brain, the chemical is involved in memory.
Catecholamines Neurotransmitters involved in sleep, motor funtion, mood, and pleasure.
Epinephrine Involved in the fight or flight responses such as dilation of blood vessels to the skeletal muscles and is classified as a hormone when secreted by the adrenal gland.
Norephinephrine Causes constriction of skeletal blood vessels, is considered a "feel good" neurotransmitters, and is involved in emotional repsonses.
Dopamine Generally excitatory, is found in the brain and ANS. A feel-good neurotransmitter. Is involved in emotions and moods and int the regulation of motor control and the executive funtioning of the brain. Release is enhanced by L-dopa and amphetamines.
Histamine Considered a stimulant, it is released by the mast cells as part of the inflammatory process. It causes itching at a cellular level and also works as a vasodilator. It also stimulates pain receptors to sensitize agains further stimulation (sunburn)
Serotonin Works as an inhibitor in the CNS and is synthesized into melatonin and affects our biologic cycles, sleep, and moods. Feel good neurotransmitter.
Cholecystokinin Found in the brain, retina, and gastrointestianl tract, the function in the nervous system is uncertain and may be related to feel good behavior. Is a gut-brain peptide
Endorphins & Enkephalins These endogenous morphines block the brain from feeling pain. They inhibit pain by inhibiting substance P. Morphine and herion mimic their effects. They seem to play a part in mood regulation.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid Generally inhibitory and found in the brain, this acid is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
Glutamate (glutamic acid) Generally excitatroy an dfound in the CNS, is thought to be responsible for as much as 75% of the excitatory signals to the brain.
Somatostatin Generally inhibitory, it inhibits the release of growth hormone and is a gut-brain peptide
Substance P Is excitatory and is found in the brain, spinal cord, sensory pain pathways, and gastroinstestinal tract. Transmits pain information
Vasoactive Intestinal Petide Found in the brainstem, some ANS and sensory fibers, retina, and gastrointestinal tract; the function of this peptide iin the nervous system is uncertain.
Created by: krazy4god
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