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APHG test study
Chapter 10 and 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Agribusiness | Commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. |
| Agricultural revolution | The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering. |
| Agriculture | The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain. |
| Combine | A machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field. |
| Commercial agriculture | Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. |
| Crop rotation | The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil. |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting. |
| Dietary energy consumption | The amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories(calories in the United States) |
| Double cropping | Harvesting twice a year from the same field. |
| Food security | Physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutritious food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. |
| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. |
| Horticulture | The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. |
| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A for of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land. |
| Paddy | The Malay word for wet rice, commonly but incorrectly used to describe a sawah. |
| Pastoral nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals. |
| Reaper | A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field. |
| Ridge tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation. |
| Sawah | A flooded field for growing rice. |
| Shifting cultivation | A for of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is said for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period. |
| Slash-and-burn agriculture | Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. |
| Subsistence agriculture | Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family. |
| Sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. |
| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning. |
| Thresh | To beat out grains from stalks. |
| Transhumance | The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning "bartering" or "exchange of commodities" |
| Wet rice | Rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth. |
| Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind. |
| Acid deposition | Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, that enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid- and return to Earth's surface. |
| Acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog. |
| Air pollution | Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level that occurs in average air. |
| Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) | The amount of oxygen require by aquatic bacteria to decompose a give load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution. |
| Bulk-gaining industry | An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprise a greater volume of than the inputs. |
| Bulk-reducing industry | An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume that the inputs. |
| Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) | A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols. a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers. |
| Cottage industry | Manufacturing based in homes rather than in factories, commonly found prior to the Industrial Revolution. |
| Ferrous | Metals, including iron, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel. |
| Fordist production | A form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. |
| Greenhouse effect | The anticipated increase in Earth's temperature caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface. |
| Industrial revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. |
| Just-in-time delivery | Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed. |
| Labor-intensive industry | An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses. |
| Maquiladora | A factory built by a U.S. company in Mexico near the U.S. border, to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico. |
| New international division of labor | Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid, less-skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries. |
| Nonferrous | Metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel. |
| Nonpoint-source pollution | Pollution that originates from a large diffuse area. |
| Outsourcing | A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. |
| Ozone | A gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone 15-50 kilometers(9 to 30 miles) above Earth's surface. |
| Photochemical smog | An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emission. |
| Point-source pollution | Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source. |
| Post-Fordist production | Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks. |
| Right-to-work law | A U.S. law that prevents a union and a company from negotiating a contract that requires workers join the union as a condition of employment. |
| Sanitary landfill | A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin. |
| Site factors | Location factors related to the costs of factors of production inside a plant, such as land, labor, and capital. |
| Situation factors | Location factors related to the transportation of materials into and from a factory. |
| Vertical integration | An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of a high complex production process. |
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Heavenleighallen
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