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AP World Chapter 30
Ap World History - Summerville High School
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cubist movement | headed by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes. |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist premier of Italy (r. 1922–1943); formed the fascio di combattimento in 1919. |
| fascism | political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs. |
| syndicalism | organization of industrial workers to control the means of production and distribution. |
| Mexican Revolution, 1910–1920 | civil war; challenged Porfirio Díaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections. |
| Porfirio Diaz | one of Juarez’s generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government. |
| Francisco Madero | moderate democratic Mexican reformer; assassinated in 1913. |
| Pancho Villa | Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910. |
| Emiliano Zapata | Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform. |
| Victoriano Herta | came to power in Mexico, 1913; forced from power 1914; tried to install Díaz-style government. |
| Alvaro Obregón | Mexican general; emerged as leader of government in 1915; later elected president. |
| Mexican Constitution of 1917 | promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and property ownership; never fully implemented. |
| Diego Rivera and José Clemente Orozco | Mexican artists working after the Mexican Revolution; famous for wall murals on public buildings that mixed images of the Indian past with Christian and communist themes. |
| Cristeros | conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; a reaction against secularism. |
| Aleksander Kerensky | liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule, but supported continuance of the war against Germany. |
| Red Army | built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution. |
| New Economic Policy (NEP) | initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover. |
| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) | Russian federal system controlled by the Communist Party established in 1923. |
| Supreme Soviet | communist-controlled parliament of the U.S.S.R. |
| Joseph Stalin | Lenin’s successor as leader of the U.S.S.R.; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled U.S.S.R. until his death in 1953. |
| Comintern | Communist International, an organization under dominance of the U.S.S.R.; designed to encourage the spread of communism in the rest of the world. |
| collectivization | creation of large, state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants. |
| Yuan Shikai | warlord in northern China after the fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China. |
| May Fourth Movement | acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy. |
| Li Dazhao | Chinese Marxist intellectual; rejected traditional views and instead saw peasants as the vanguard of socialist revolution; influenced Mao Zedong. |
| Mao Zedong | communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976. |
| Guomindang (National Party) | founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925. |
| Whampoa Military Academy | Guomindang military academy founded in 1924 with Soviet support; its first director was Chiang Kai-shek. |
| Chiang Kai-shek | leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949. |
| Long March | communist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province. |
| Great Depression | international economic crisis following World War I; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929. |
| Popular Front | alliance of French socialist, liberal, and communist parties; won election in 1936; blocked from reform efforts by conservative opposition; fell in 1938. |
| New Deal | President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to combat economic depression. |
| totalitarian state | a 20th-century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other communist states. |
| Spanish Civil War | civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy, the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed. |
| corporatism | conservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups. |
| Lázaro Cárdenas | Mexican president (1934–1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education. |
| Getúlio Vargas | became president of Brazil following a contested election of 1929; led an authoritarian state; died in 1954. |
| Juan Perón | dominant authoritarian and populist leader in Argentina from the mid-1940s; driven into exile in 1955; returned and elected president in 1973; died in 1974. |
| five-year plans | Stalin’s plans to hasten industrialization of U.S.S.R.; constructed massive factories; led to state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products. |
| socialist realism | attempt within U.S.S.R. to relate formal culture to the masses; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism. |
| Politburo | executive committee of the Soviet Communist party; 20 members |
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