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Pharmacology
Chapter 5- 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of these is not a pharmacologic effect of aspirin? A. Analgesic B. Antiseptic C. Antipyretic D. Uricosuric E. Antiplatelet | B. Antiseptic |
| T/F If you take enough Opioids, you can possibly stop breathing? | True |
| What is the commonly used name for acetaminophen? | Tylenol |
| T/F Ketoraloc (Toradol) is more effective when injected | True |
| T/F Nonopiod analgesic act primarily in the central nervous system and Opioids act primarily at peripheral nerve endings | F- Nonpoid analgesic act primairly at peripheral nerve ending and Opioids act primarily in the central nervous system |
| T/F A major symptom of and adverse reaction of "withdrawl" is respiratory depression | F-the major symptom of respiratory depression is an adverse reaction of an "over-dose" |
| What substance is commonly ingested in cases of over dosage to absorb the drug? A. more of the drug B. licorice C. charcoal D. a sponge | C. Charcoal |
| What type of nonopioid analgesic drug is easiest on the digestive tract? A. Acetaminophen B. NSAIDS C. Salicylates D. None of the above | A. Acetaminophen |
| Where do most narcotics come from and will cause a drug test to turn out positive if eaten/ consumed? A. Cactus B. Poppy C. Jimson Weed D. Rose E. Swiss roll | B. Poppy |
| T/F In 2014 the recorded MOST prescribed drug was Synthroid (levothyroxine) | True |
| T/F Gout is an inherited disease occuring primarily in women? | False |
| Which medication is not an opioid? A. methadone B. ibuprofen C. oxycodone D. hydromorphone | B. Ibuprofen |
| T/F Opioids are not indicated for chronic pain in denistry | True |
| What type of seed can result in a positive drug test? | Poppy Seed |
| Opiods can be classified by all of the following EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. their mechanism of action at a receptor site B. Their chemical structure C. Their efficacy D. Their solubility | D. Their solubility |
| Opiods are excreted through which of the following? A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Lungs D. Pancreas | B. Kidneys |
| Which of the following is NOT a natural opiod-like substance found in the body? A. Endorphins B. Dynorphins C. Cephalexin E. Enkephalins | C. Cephalexin |
| T/F The oldest member of NSAID's is naproxen? | False it is ibuprofen |
| T/F The usual analgesic dose of ibuprofen is 400-600 mg every 4-6 hours | False it is 400-800 mg every 4-6 hours |
| Opioids can be categorized as: A. agonists B. antagonist C. mixed opioids D. all the above | D. all the above |
| Does our own body naturally make it's own narcotics, if so by which substances? A. enkephalins B. endorphins C. dynorphins D. All the above E. none of the above | D. all the above |
| What is the physical component of pain? A. pain threshold B. sensation C. reaction D. Perception | D. perception |
| The prostaglandins are potent vasoconstricting agents that also decrease capillary permeability. Therefore aspirin cause decreased erythema and swelling of the inflamed are. A. statement is true; statement is false B. statement is false; statement is true | B. Statement is false; statement is true |
| T/F most dental pain can be managed successfully with the use of NSAID's, as long as the patient has not adverse reactions to NSAID's | True |
| What is the issue that often brings pt.'s to the dental office? | Pain |
| What is the issue that often keeps a pt.'s away from the dental office? | Pain |
| T/F The dental health care provider must be able to recognize and evaluate a pt.'s need for medication | True |
| What are the two components of pain? | perception and reaction |
| Is perception the physical or psychologic component? | the physical component |
| Is reaction the physical or psychologic component? | psychologic component |
| What is analgesic? | "pain-killer" used to achieve relief from pain |
| T/F A level of discomfort is the same from person to person. | False: a level of discomfort that may not require drug treatment in one person may need therapy in another |
| What two groups are analgesic agents divided into? | nonopioid, noncarcotic, peripheral, and antipyretic analgesic; opioid, narcotic and central analgesics |
| Where do nonopioid analgesics act primarily? | at peripheral nerve endings, although their antipyretic effect is mediated centrally |
| Where do opioids act primarily? | in the CNS |
| What mechanism of action do nonopioid analgesics perform? | inhibit prostaglandin synthesis |
| What mechanism of action do opioids perform? | affect the response to pain by depressing the CNS |
| What are nonopioids divided into? | salicylates (aspirin-like), acetaminophen, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID's) |
| What is the prototype of salicylate? | Aspirin |
| Extracts of willow bark containing salicin have been used to reduce what? | Fever |
| What is the most useful salicylate for analgesia? | aspirin |
| What is the mechanism of action for the salicylates? | inhibits the prostaglandin and reduces pain |
| T/F: Salicylates are rapidly and completely absorbed from the stomach to intestine and is distributed into most body tissues and fluids. | True |
| In Salicylates does the half life vary with time or does it vary with the dose amount? | Half-life varies with dose |
| What is Zero-Order Kinetics? | a constant amount rather than a constant percentage is metabolized per hour. |
| What is Analgesic? | relieves mild to moderate pain |
| What is Anti-pyretic? | reduces fever by inhibitions of prostaglandin synthesis in the hypothalamus; no effect on normal body temperature. |
| What is Anti-inflammatory? | causes decreased erythema and swelling |
| What is Anti-platelet? | binds to platelets, depending on dose, can inhibit either prostacyclin (inhibit aggregation ) or thromboxane A2 (stimulates aggregation) |
| What are the pharmacologic effects for Salicylates? | analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory, and anyiplatelet |
| What are the common adverse effects of Salicylates? | GI effects, bleeding, and Reye syndrome |
| What is the disorder called that forms when an Salicylates is given to a child when they have the flu or chicken pox? | Reye Syndrome |
| What are the specific GI disorders for Salicylates? | dyspepsia (indigestion), nausea, vomiting, gastric bleeding |
| What are some effects of Salicylates toxicity? | tinnitus, headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, dimness of vision |
| What are some of the higher levels of Salicylates toxicity? | hyperventilation and respiratory alkalosis |
| What does the highest level of Salicylates toxicity cause? | DEATH |
| What is the treatment for those that have Salicylates toxicity? | inducing emesis and administering activated charcoal in pill form |
| What drug has an anticoagulant effect and can displace Salicylates from its binding sites increasing the anticoagulant effect? | Warfarin |
| What drug causes Salicylates to interfere with the uricosuric effect and cause an acute attack of gout? | Probenecid |
| T/F the adult dose for Salicylates is 10-15 mg/ kg every 4-6 hours. | False an adult dose is 325-650 mg/kg every 4 hours |
| What is a children dose for Salicylates? | 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours |
| What is an example of an Salicylates? | aspirin |
| What is the mechanism of action for the NSAID's? | inhibit the enzyme COX and prostaglandin synthase and reduce the formation of the prostaglandin precursors |
| What is the peak time for NSAID's? | 1-2 hours |
| Where are the NSAID's metabolized? | liver |
| Where are the NSAID's excreted? | kindneys |
| T/F: food reduces the rate in NSAID's but not the absorption. | True |
| NSAID's are used for A. analgesic B. antipyretic C. anti-inflammatory D. all the above E. A and B | D. all the above |
| In the NSAID adverse reactions include A. oral B. hypersensitivity C. Pregnancy and nursing D. GI effects E. CNS effects F. blood clotting G. renal effects H. Harmonica I. A-G | I. A-G |
| T/F Toxicity doesn't exist wit NSAID's. | F, may increase lithium toxicity when the drug Lithium is used. |
| When using NSAID's and Digoxin what happens? | it increases the effects. |
| T/F NSAID's decrease the effects of anti-hypertensives. | T |
| Uses for the NSAID"S are for A. Medical B. Dental C. Physiological D. Physical E. A and B D. B and C | E. A and B |
| What is the drug of choice for the NSAID's? | Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) |
| What can be used when the others of NSAID's cannot be? | Toradol (Ketorolac) |
| What is the dose amount for Ibuprofen? | 400-800 mg/ 4-6 hours |
| T/F Naproxen and Naproxen Sodium have longer half-lives than the Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) in the NSAID categories? | T |
| Where are the Acetaminophen's absorbed? | rapidily and completely in the GI tract |
| What is the peak plasma level for acetaminophen's? | 1-3 hours |
| Where are acetaminophen's metabolized? | in the liver microsomal enzymes |
| What are the pharmacologic effects of acetaminophen? A. analgesic B. Antipyretic C.non-anti-inflammatory D. anti-inflammatory E. A-C F. all the above | E. A-C |
| T/F of all analgesic acetaminophen is the easiest on the tummy | T |
| Who should avoid acetaminophen's? | alcoholics |
| What is the toxicity treatments for acetaminophen's? | gastric lavage and activated charcoal |
| Can a long-term consumption of acetaminophen's cause nephrotoxicity? | yes |
| Are acetaminophen's free of drug interactions? | yup |
| In order to avoid a long-term consumption of acetaminophen's is it safe to use alternating therapy with NSAID's? | Yes |
| Are acetaminophen's used for analgesic, anti-pyretic uses? T/F | True |
| Is NSAID's, Acetaminophen's, or Salicylates safe to use for children due to a less likley cause of Reye Syndrome? | Acetaminophen |
| Are acetaminophen's useful in pt.'s that have an aspirin hypersensitivity? | yes theay are useful |
| What is an example of Acetaminophen? | Tylenol |
| Gout is an inherited disease that occurs in the elbow usually.A. both statements are true B. both statements are false C. first statement is true the second is false D. the first statement is false but the second is true | C. the first statement is true the second is false; Gout usually occurs in the big toe or kneww |
| What is the cause of Gout? | an excess of uric acid |
| What are some drugs used to treat acute attacks of gout? | NSAID's and Colchicine |
| What are some drugs to prevent Gout? | Allopurinol and probenecid |
| T/F Gout is something that is inherited usually in men that has not painful or noticeable effect what so ever. | F gout is painful and cannot tolerate touch |
| Why is pain important in the dental world? | pain is the issue that brings pt.'s into the office and it is the issue that keeps pt.'s from the office |
| What are the two components of pain? | perception and reaction |
| How is the threshold of pain raised? | sleep, sympathy, activities, analgesics |
| Is pain tolerance the same from person to person? | no, pain varies from person to person |
| The pain threshold is lowered by what? | valium (benzodiazapines) |
| What are the two divisions that Analgesics are divided into? | nonopioid, nonnarcotic, peripheral, and antipyretic analgesics; opoid, narcotic, and central analgesics |
| Where are the nonopioid, nonnarcotic, peripheral, and antipyretic analgesics primarily at and mediated? | peripheral nerve endings, mediated centrally |
| What are the nonopioid, nonnarcotic, peripheral, and antipyretic analgesics divided into? | salicylate (aspirin-like), acetaminophen, and NSAIDs |
| What do the Nonopioid, nonnarcotic, peripheral, and antipyretic analgesics inhibit? | inhibit the prostaglandin synthesis |
| Where are the Opioid, narcotic, and central analgesics primarily at? | CNS |
| What does Methotrxate (MTX) do? | used to treat certain cancers and autoimmune diseases |
| What is Analgesia? | raises the pain threshold |
| What is cough suppression? | depresses the cough center in the medulla (anti-tussive) |
| What is respiratory depression? | usually the cause of death with an overdose |
| What is nausea and emesis? | result of direct stimulation of chemo-receptor trigger zone in the medulla |
| What is gastrointestinal (GI) Effect? | increased smooth muscle tone of intestinal tract to decrease propulsive contractions and motility |
| What is constipation? | caused by tonic contraction of the GI tract |
| What is myosis? | pinpoint pupils |
| What is urinary retention? | increased smooth muscle tone in urinary tract |
| What is CNS effect? | occasional stimulation, exhibited by anxiety, restlessness, or nervousness |
| What are the actions of opioids? | bind to receptors in the CNS and Spinal cord, producing a reaction of pain |
| What does T's and Blues stand for? | Talwin and Benadryl |
| What are some common side effects of opioids? | Respiratory depression, nausea and emesis, constipation, myosis, urinary retention, CNS effects, Cardiovascular effects, histamine release, pregnancy and nursing, and addiction |
| What are some examples of the strongest opioids? | morphine and methadone (dolophine) |
| What are some examples of an intermediate opioid? | Oxycodone ( in Percodan, Percocet, Tylox, Roxiprin, Roxicet) and Pentazocaine ( in Talwin NX) |
| What are some examples of a weak opioid? | Hydrocodone (in Vicodin, Lortab, Lorcet) and Codeine ( in Tylenol #3, Empirin #3) |
| What are the common medications used to treat opioid abuse? | methadone (dolophine), naltrexone (trexan), and adjuntive medications ( phenothiazines, clonidine, benzodiazepines ) |
| What is the process of microbial population when an infection progresses? | 1. dental infection 2. organisms respond 3. gram-positive infections collect with gram-negative bacteria (mixed infection) 4. anaerobic organisms increase until is only consists of anaerobic flora |
| Anti-infective Agents do what? | act against or destroy infections |
| Anti-bacterial Agents do what? | destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of bacteria |
| Anti-biotic Agents do what? | chemicals that destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of bacteria or prevent their action |
| Anti-Microbial Agents do what? | destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of microorganisms |
| Anti-fungal Agents do what? | destroy or suppress the growth or multiplication of fungi |
| Anti-protozoal does what? | Attack amebae, giardia etc. |
| Anti-viral Agents do what? | destroy or suppress the growth or multiplications of viruses |
| Bactericidal does what? | ability to kill bacteria and irreversible: if bacteria are removed from the drug they cannot live |
| Bacteriostatic does what? | inhibit or retard the multiplication or growth of bacteria and reversible: if bacteria are removed they are still able to grow and multiply |
| Blood (serum) Level does what? | concentration of anti-infective in blood or serum and certain levels of an anti-biotic to produce an effect on micro-organisms |
| Infection does what? | invasion by pathogenic micro-organisms and reaction of tissue |
| Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) has what? | lowest concentration needed to inhibit visible growth |
| Resistance is what? | natural or acquired ability of an organism to be immune to or resist the effects of an anti-infective agent |
| Spectrum is what? | range of a drug and may be narrow, intermediate, or broad |
| Superinfection and Suprainfection are what? | caused by proliferation of microorganisms and practitioner can cause and eliminate infections |
| Synergism is what? | combinations produces more than an additive effect |
| Antagonism is what? | when a combination produces less effect than either agent alone |
| T/F Amoxicillin isn't the most common to use in treatment of infections but flabenicid is the most common drug to use in treatment of infections | F Amoxicillin is Most often used to treat infections due to producing higher blood levels, better absorbed, requires less frequent dosing, and is not impaired by food. |
| What is an example of a drug from the penicillin family? | Amoxicillin |
| What is an example of a drug from the macrolides family? | Erythromycin |
| What antibiotic has the potential to kill what are "normally" good intestinal bacteria, causing an episode of ulcerative colitis from tridrium difficile? | clindymcine |
| If your pt. is unable to take their prescription with them to work that is a 10 hr shift. What should you prescribe for an acute infection caused by a fractured tooth? | azithremycine (once a day pill) |
| If your pt. is allergic to penicillin and she states that she was nauseous. She has an infection of #19 w. swelling and lymph node is tender what should be prescribed? | cephelexin |
| Your pt. works on the HWY crew and dentist prescribed something for chronic perio; the pt. failed to make his appt. due to being sick from sun exposure. What did the dentist prescribe? | Tetracyline |
| Which antibiotic should most likely be prescribed for a pt. who is in their 2nd trimester and has an acute apical infection? | amoxicillin |
| This antibiotic when taken orally can affect the estrogen production of GI bacteria | amoxicillin, clindymcine, azithremycine, cephelexin, tetracyline, |
| This antibiotic when taken according to directions will not result in claustridium difficile over growth. | none |
| Eating live yogurt should be discouraged while taking this antibiotic. | tetracycline |
| Which of these is not a pharmacologic effect of aspirin? A. analgesic B. antiseptic C. antipyretic D. uricosuric E. antiplatelet | b. antiseptic |
| T/F if you take enough opioids, you can possibly stop breathing. | true |
| What is the commonly used name for acetaminophen? | Tylenol |
| T/F ketorolac (Toradol) is more effective when injected. | True |
| T/F nonopiod analgesic act primarily in the CNS and opioids act primarily at peripheral nerve endings | F nonopioid analgesic act primarily at peripheral nerve endings and opioids act primarily in the CNS |
| T/F a major symptom of an adverse reaction of withdrawal is respiratory depression | F the major symptom of respiratory depression is an adverse reaction of an overdose |
| What substance is commonly ingested in cases of over dosage to absorb the drug? A. more of the drug B. licorice C. charcoal D. a sponge | c. charcoal |
| What type of nonopioid analgesic drug is easiest on the digestive tract? A. acetaminophen B. NSAIDS C. salicylates D. none of the above | A. acetaminophen |
| Where do most narcotics come from and will cause a drug test to turn positive if eaten/cpnsumed A. cactus B. poppy C. jimson weed D. rose E. swiss roll | B. poppy |
| T/F in 2014 the recoreded MOST prescribed drug was synthroid (levothyroxine) | T |
| T/F Gout is an inherited disease occurring primarily in women? | F occurs primarily in men |
| Which medication is not an opioid? A. methadone B. ibuprofen C. oxycodone D. hydromorphone | B. ibuprofen |
| T/F most dental pain can be managed successfully with the use of NSAIDS as long as the pt has no adverse reactions | True |
| Opioids are excreted through which of the following A. liver B. Kidneys C. Lungs D. pancreas | B. kidneys |
| Which of the following is not a natural opioid like substance found in the body? A. endorphins B. dynorphins C. cephalexin D. enkephalins | C. cephalexin |
| T/F the oldest member of NSAIDS in naproxen. | False it's ibuprofen |
| T/F the usua analgesic dose of ibuprofen is 400-600 mg every 4-6 hrs | False it is 400-800 mg every 4-6 hours |
| Opioids can be categorized as A. agonist B. antagonist C. mixed opioids D. all the above | D. all the above |
| Does our own body naturally make its own narcotics, if so by which substances? A. enkephalins B. endorphins C. dynorphins C. all of the above | D. all the above |
| what is the physical component of pain? A. pain threshold B. sensation C. reaction D. perception | D. perception |
| The prostaglandins are potent vasoconstricting agents that also decrease capillary permeability. Therefore aspirin causes defreased erythems and swelling of the inflamed area A. 1 statement is true 2 is false B. 1 statement is false 2 statement is true | B. first statement is false but the second it true |
| T/F opioid are not indicated for chronic pain in dentistry | True |
| Opioids can be classified by all of the following except which one? A. their mechanism of action at a receptor site B. their chemical structure C. their efficacy D. their solubility | D. their solubility |
| Acetylsalicylic acid mechanism of analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammatory and antiplatelet effects is related to it ability to do what? | inhibit the prostaglandin synthesis |
| Are both statements true: The two components of pain are perception and reaction. Perception is the psychological component of pain and involves the pt emotional response to the pain is the physical component | the first statement is true the second statement is false perceptions is the physical component and reaction is the psychological component |
| What drugs are used for Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG): | penicillin VK, amoxicillin |
| What drugs are used for Abscess (periodontal) | penicillin VK Amoxil is more friendly to patient compliance. |
| What drugs are used for Localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP): | doxycycline, tetracycline |
| What drugs are used for Adult periodontitis | not usually treated with drugs-but tx is more common now than 15 years age |
| What drugs are used for Rapidly advancing periodontitis (RAP): | doxycycline, tetracycline, metronidazole |
| What drugs are used for Soft-tissue infections | penicillin VK, amoxicillin |
| What drugs are used for Osteomyelitis: | penicillin VK, amoxicillin, clindamycin, metronidazole |
| What drugs are used for Mixed infections insensitive to penicillin V K Aerobes: | amoxicillin, cephalexin |
| What drugs are used for Mixed infections insensitive to penicillin V K Anaerobes and chronic infections: | metronidazole, clindamycin |
| What drugs are used for Prophylaxis for infective endocarditis Prosthetic heart valve, no penicillin allergy | amoxicillin |
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