Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Psychology
Chapter 5,6,7,8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | Sensation |
| process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events. | Perception |
| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time. | ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD |
| The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time; experience it as " just a noticeable difference" | DIFFERENCE THRESHOLD |
| Below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness . | Subliminal |
| Reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation. | SENSORY ADAPTATION |
| A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. | PERCEPTUAL SET |
| Sight | Vision (Light waves striking the eye ) Rods & Cones in the retina |
| Sound ( hearing ) | Audition ( Sound waves striking the outer ear ) Cochlear hair cells in the inner ear. |
| Smell | Olfaction ( Chemical molecules breathed in through the nose ) Millions of receptors at top of NASAL CAVITY . |
| Taste | Gustation ( Chemicals molecules in the mouth ) BASIC TONGUE RECEPTORS FOR SWEET ,SOUR, SALTY ,BITTER & UMAMI. |
| Touch | Touch ( Pressure , warmth,cold,on the skin ) skin receptors detect pressure ,warmth,cold & pain. |
| BODY POSITION - kinesthesis | Any change in position of a body part, interacting with vision. |
| BODY MOVEMENT - vestibular sense | Movement of fluids in the inner ear caused by head/ body movement .( ( Hairlike receptors in the inner ear's semicircular canals & vestibular sacs. |
| A mixing of sensory information | SYNESTHESIA |
| The processing of many aspects of a problem or scene at the same time ; the brains natural mode of information processing including vision. | PARALLEL PROCESSING |
| failure to recognize faces ; they know they are looking at a face ,but cannot tell who the face is even if it's their own or that of a friend or relative. | PROSOPAGNOSIA |
| A type of learning in which we learn to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | Classical Conditioning |
| An initial stage ,when we link a neutral stimulus (NS) and an unconditioned stimulus ( US) so that the neutral stimulus (NS=CS) begins triggering the conditioned response (CR) | Acquisition |
| The tendency ,after conditioning to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus (CS) | Generalization |
| The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and other irrelevant stimuli | Discrimination |
| The weakening of a conditioned response (CR)when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS) | Extinction |
| The reappearance ,after a pause ,of an extinguished conditioned response (CR) | Spontaneous Recovery |
| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | Operant Conditioning ( B.F. Skinner) |
| Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | Reinforcement |
| An event that is innately reinforcing,often by satisfying a biological need ( Hunger,Thirst) | PRIMARY REINFORCER |
| An event that gains its reinforcing power through it's link with a primary reinforcer (Money ,Praise ,attention, possessions ) | CONDITIONED/SECONDARY REINFORCER |
| An event that decreases /weakens the behavior it follows | Punishment |
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior. | SHAPING |
| The acquisition of mental information ,whether by observing events ,by watching others, or through language . | Cognitive learning ( Albert Bandura) |
| The Immediate ,very brief recording of sensory information in the MEMORY SYSTEM (Large capacity but short duration ) | Sensory Memory |
| Visual sensory memory | ICONIC MEMORY |
| Auditory sensory memory | ECHOIC MEMORY |
| The relatively permanent and LIMITLESS STOREHOUSE of the memory system. included knowledge ,skills , and experiences | LONG TERM MEMORY (LTM) |
| Memory facts and personal events you can consciously retrieve . | Explicit (Declarative ) Memory |
| Retaining learned skills ,or classically conditioned associations ,without conscious awareness. | Implicit (Nondeclarative ) Memory |
| Activated Memory that holds few items briefly before the information is store or forgotten . | SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) |
| Retaining learned skills ,or classically conditioned associations ,without conscious awareness. | Implicit (Nondeclarative ) Memory |
| Activated Memory that holds few items briefly before the information is store or forgotten . | SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) |
| Duration and capacity are relatively limited. | SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) |
| Like an active DESKTOP-BRAIN processes important information ,making sense of new input and linking it with long-term memories | SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) |
| Called "WORKING " memory a newer understanding of short term memory that stresses conscious ,active processing of incoming auditory and visual -spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory. | SHORT TERM MEMORY (STM) |
| The system for sensing the position and movement of Iindividual body parts . | KINESTHESIA |
| Unconscious encoding of everyday information such as space,time,frequency, and well - learned word meanings. | Automatic processing |
| Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | Effortfull processing |
| The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. | Spacing effect |
| Enhanced memory after retrieving ,rather than simply rereading,information. | Testing effect |
| The tendency to recall best the last and first items of a list. | Serial position effect |
| A clear memory in an emotionally significant moment or event . | Flashbulb Memory |
| Memory demonstrated by retrieving information learned earlier ,as on a fill-in-the-blank test. | Recall |
| Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned ,as on a multiple choice best. | Recognition |
| Any stimulus (event,feeling,place, and so on) linked to a specific memory. | Retrieval Cue |
| That eerie sense that "I've experience this before ." | Déjá vu |
| The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. | Proactive Interference |
| The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | Retroactive Interference |
| In Psychoanalytic theory ,the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness the thoughts ,feelings , and memories that arouse anxiety. | Repression |
| Every time you use information, and mentally act on it by forming ideas ,reasoning,solving problems ,drawing conclusions,expressing thoughts ,or comprehending the thoughts of others. | Thinking |
| Mental representation of a previously stored experience ;includes all five senses -visual ,auditory olfactory ,gustatory ,motor,tactile imagery. | Mental Image |
| A mental grouping of similar objects,events,ideas ,and people. | Concepts |
| Our spoken,written,or signed words and the ways we combined them to communicate meaning. | Language |
| A Methodical ,logical rule or procedure that guarantees you will solve a particular problem (ex. Step by step description for evacuating a building during a fire. | Algorithms |
| Simple thinking strategies that often allow yes to make judgement and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms (such as running or an exit when you smell smoke) | Heuristics |
| A sudden realization of the solution to a problem (an Aha! Reaction ) | Insight |
| Estimating the likelihood of an event based on its availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we assume such events are common (not based on how likely they are to actually occur) | Availability Heuristic |
| the inability to see a problem from a new perspective. | Fixation |
| tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort evidence that contradicts them. | Confirmation Bias |
| -the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. | Overconfidence |
| -the way an issue is posed; framing can significantly affect decisions and judgments | Framing |
| clinging to beliefs and ignoring evidence that proves they are wrong. | Belief Perseverance |
| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. | Babbling stage |
| from about age 1 to 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words. | One-word stage |
| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. | Two-word stage (telegraphic) |
| -mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations | Intelligence |
| : defining scores by comparing them with the performance of a pretested standardization group (must have norms and instructions must be uniform) | Standardization |
| extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting. | Reliability |
| the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. | Validity |
| knowledge of a prevalent cultural stereotype about performance can interfere with your performance through fear of confirming that stereotype | Stereotype Threat |
Created by:
sunflowersplace
Popular Psychology sets