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AP Psych

Chapter 7- Learning

TermDefinition
Classical conditioning learning through association, a tendency to connect events that occur together in time and space.
Ivan Pavlov Russian Psychologist who discovered conditioning on accident; was just measuring the saliva in dogs.
Unconditioned Stimuli (UCS) A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR) The unlearned, naturally occurring response to the UCS.
Neutral Stimulus (NS) An unrelated stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned Response The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
Acquisition The phase in which the neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with the UCS so that the NS comes to evoke a conditioned response.
Extinction The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is no longer paired with the CS *Can sometimes be permanent*
Spontaneous Recovery The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.
Generalization The tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses.
Discrimination The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that does not signal UCS.
Cognitive Processes of Classical conditioning Humans are also involved in classical conditioning, but it does not work as well because we are intelligent. Thought processes make it harder.
Biological predispositions of classical conditioning An animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by it's biology.
John Garcia studies Tried to change taste, sight, or sound of water to rats. Worked with taste but not sights or sounds.
Operant Conditioning A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment.
Positive reinforcement Strengthens a behavior by adding a stimulus to the environment after a response. *Adding something you like*
Negative reinforcement Strengthens a behavior by removing an aversion stimuli. *Taking away something that you do not like*
Positive Punishment Decreasing a behavior by adding a stimulus after a response. *Adding something that you don't like*
Negative Punishment Decreasing a behavior by removing a stimulus *Taking away something that you like*
Thorndike's Law of Effect Behavior followed by favorable consequences becomes more likely; behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Skinner box A chamber containing a bar that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforcement;devices are attached to record the animal's rate of bar pressing.
Shaping An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
Primary reinforcer An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
Conditioned (secondary) reinforcer Conditioned reinforcer, a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with the primary reinforcer.
Cognitive map A mental representation of the layout of one's enviornment.
Latent learning Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
Over-justification effect The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do.
Cognitive processes of operant conditioning Animals on a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule respond more frequently as the time gets closer to the reinforcer. *Expectations*
Biological predispositions of operant conditioning It is easier to reinforce behavior normally associated with their natural behaviors.
Continuous reinforcement Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
Partial reinforcement Reinforcing a response only part of the time.
Fixed-ratio A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.
Variable-ratio A schedule that reinforces a response only after an unpredictable number of responses.
Fixed-interval A schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
Variable-interval A schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
Modeling Learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
Prosocial behavior Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior. Most effective when actions and words are consistent.
Antisocial behavior Negative, destructive, and hurtful behavior.
Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study Demostrates the power of observational learning.
Created by: 007lwm
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