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World History
World History up to 1600 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Early American Societies Origins | -final phase of migration from Africa -early homo sapiens arrived on foot or boat from Asia -2 Ice Age Periods -current theory: arrived in western hemisphere scross the bering strait land bridge around 15,000 BCE & spread through North & South Americas |
| Settlement Through the Americas | -North America: agriculture, variety of settlement types, Inuit, Pueblo, Mississippian -Mesoamerica: Maize (corn), advanced civilizations: Olmec, Maya Teotihuacan -South America: Irrigated fields, extreme environmental conditions, Chavin, Nazca/Moche |
| North America Early Civilizations | -Diverse environments -hunters-gathers, ex: Inuit -Tribal groups: Pueblo Others: Navajo/Apache, Cheyenne, Cherokee, Natchez |
| Ohio/Mississippi River Valley | -Ohio River Valley: Adena, small villages, agriculture surplus, specialized labor, & constructed projects -Mound builders, "Great Serpent Mound" -Hopewell: series of towns ruled by chief, foraging community |
| The Mississippians | -lived in Mississippi River Valley -Agriculture Society: corn, beans, squash -largest city was Cahokia: ceremonial & administrative center, mound builders |
| Mesoamerican Chronology | -Preclassic Era: Olmec (Southern Gulf of Mexico), giant stone heads -Classic Era: Maya (Yucatan Peninsula), Teoltihuacan (Valley of Mexico) -Post Classic Era: Toltec, Aztec |
| The Olmec | -Gulf Coast Region - rainfall, rich river silt, agriculturally rich -complex society develops: priest-ruler hierarchy -Olmec culture: trade networks, long count calender (adopted by the Mayans) |
| The Maya | -Agriculture is the foundation of Mayan culture -Social hierarchy: priest-king, nobles, commoners, serfs, & slaves -polytheistic: many gods, human & ritual blood sacrifice |
| Teotihuacan | -located in Valley of Mexico -city-state of Teotihuacan -maintained an army -huge ceremonial/urban center with 200,000 people & lots of pyramids |
| South American/Andean Civilizations | -harsh environment: Andes Mountains., rain forest, deserts -hunters-gathers -rise of small isolated tribal groups -Chavin, Moche, Nazca |
| The Dark Ages | -decentralization of local power, population decline -creation of new culture |
| Power of Catholic Church | -slow rise & expansion of Catholicism within Roman Empire -church bureaucracy: kingdom split into Diocese, each run by a Bishop, Diocese grouped into provinces that are run by an Archbishop |
| Gregory the Great | -protected Rome from the Lombards, extended Pope power beyond area of Rome -encouraged missionary activity |
| Monasticism | -Rise of Monastic communities -Devout men: Monks, Monasteries -Devout Women: Nuns, Convents -Devoted time to spreading the faith, agriculture, hospitality, charity, healthcare -centers of Education |
| Benedictine Rule | -"Father of Monasticism" -Pious man from a wealthy Italian family, gives up luxury to live in poverty & prayer -he comes up with "The Rule" - regulations for monastic life |
| Rise of the Franks: Merovingians | -The Franks strongest of Germanic Kingdoms, begin to expand political & territorial power -two major eras: Merovingian Dynasty & Carolingian Dynasty |
| Carolingians: Charlemagne | -know as ppepin the short -conqured the Saxons in Germany & the Limbords in France -largest united empire since Rome |
| Decline after Charlemagone | -Carolingian power declines after Charlemagne dies -his son Louis the pious divided the empire among his 3 son, created a civil war -Treaty of Verdun splits Charlemagne Empire in 3 -9th & 10th centuries foreign invaders: Vikings, Muslims, Magyars |
| Caroligian "Renaissance" | -he saw himself as Christian King -Just ruler: Instituted laws on a wide rang of topics, established courts to ensure justice |
| Manorialism | -rise of new arrangements for security & stability -Manoralism created ties of reciprocal loyalty -Life of Nobility defined by warfare/protection -Feudal system |
| Turning point of 1000 BCE | -Agriculture revolution of 1000 BCE -improved farming technology: switched from ox to horses, padded horse collar -improved farming techniques |
| Byzantine Empire Emperors & Threats | -Emperors: Constantine, Justinian, Leo III, Herclius -Threats: Sanian empire (Persian), Muslims (Arabs), Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Empire |
| Constantine & Christianity | -Roman Emperor -he declared himself "First Christian Roman Emperor" -During Edict of Milan, legalized Christianity in Roman Empire -church & state combined in empire -Constantinople built in 330 CE |
| Constantinople | -city well protected by water & walls on the Balkan Peninsula -400,000 population, highest standard of living in medieval Europe -abundant food supply -exported silk |
| Justinian | -Greatest Byzantine Emperor -came up with codified laws -his wife was Theodora, born to a poor family, "the Bear Keeper's Daughter -Theodora converted to Christianity & came to be know as Empress Theodora |
| Urban Revolts | -urban society: organized by group of urban gangs -two gangs, the "Blues & the Greens," revolt against Justinian -Justinian nearly gives up & flees, Theodora encourages him to stay |
| Reclaiming Roman Glory | -Justinian spent 30 years trying to reclaim lost western half of roman Empire -Justinian secured eastern flank from Persians first by diplomacy & bribery -reclaimed North Africa, Southern Spain, Italy |
| Code of Justinian | -Justinian wanted to rule by Roman law, which at the time was confusing -he creates the Corpus Juris Civilis, Justinian law code |
| Western Church vs. Greek Orthodox | -Hagia Sophia seat of head of the Orthodox Church in Constantinople -In West head of the church is the Pope -In East head of the church is the emperor -Byzantine emperor selected Patriarchs (bishops) |
| 8th Century: Iconoclasts vs. Iconophiles | -religious conflict over Icons -Icons: pictures or statues of religious figures -Emperor Leo III was afraid of icons being used for idol worship, he ordered all armies to destroy all icons -Iconoclasts: Supporters -Iconophilies: "Icon Lovers" |
| The Muslims | -Islam begins to shape -spread across the Mediterranean -lay siege to Constantinople twice |
| The End of the Empire: The Turkish Conquests | -11th century begins Byzantine decline -Seljuk (central Asia nomadic group) conquers Persia & Mesopotamia in 11th century -Ottoman Empire leading power by 1300, in 1453 sacks Constantinople (becomes Istanbul) |
| Pre-Islamic Arabia | -spoke Arabic -Arabs -Bedourns: desert-dwelling nomads, pastoralism: economic system based on raising livestock |
| Mecca & Muhammid | -Mecca - a rest stop & religious center, tribes pilgrimage to the Kabah, controlled by Quryash tribe -Muhammad - businessman & merchant upset by injustice in Mecca, the angel Gabriel comes to him in the Mts. |
| Islam | -Islam Monotheistic religion, worship on God Allah, Muhammad is the final prophet -Islam (means submit) -Muslim (means submitters -Muhammad's revelation of God's last word, shows Islam monotheism in its purest form |
| Quran | -Revelations memorized, 20 years latter first written down in Quran -Organized by length o recitation, not topic of chronology -Allah is compassionate & fair, will separate true believers on judgement day |
| 5 Pillars of Islam | 1. Precision of the Faith - the is no God, but Allah & Muhammad is his prophet 2. Five Daily Prayers 3. Charity 4. Fasting (during Ramadan) 5. Pilgrimage (to Mecca, once in your life) |
| Return to Mecca | -hostility between Medina & Mecca -Muhammad's followers return to Mecca -Purge & Re-concentrate the Kabah |
| Chronology of Muslim rulers | -Muhammad dies in 632 CE -Caliphs (means successor of the prophet) -Orthodox Caliphs -Umayyad Caliphs - Umayyad family revolt, split Umma into two fractions the Sunni & Shi'ite -Abbasid Caliphate |
| Orthodox Caliphate | -"Right Guided Caliphs" -"Jihad": "striving" or "struggle" -Universal religion: Quran dictates that Allah's revelations be shared with all of humanity -conversion to Islam encouraged, but not forced -Islamic Empire grows |
| Umayyad Caliphate | -Umayyad family rebelled -Split within Umma -Sunni: majority group, believed anyone could rise to Caliph -Shi'ite: minority followers of Alla |
| The Abbasid Take Over | -Abbasids allied with Shi'ite Muslims overthrow Umayyad Caliphate -Improved system of Governance -Moved capital to Baghdad |
| Decline & fall of Abbasid | -Abbasid power decline in 9th & 10th century -outer provinces break away -Mongols arrive, sack Baghdad |
| Culture patterns of Africa | -common values, belief system -social and politically organized by family: extended family, Patrilineal (descend through male) vs. Matrilinal (descend through female) -polytheistic religion |
| Bantu Migration | -The Bantu ("the people") were African tribal group originally from central Africa -migrated -spread a common language, culture beliefs, & understanding of agriculture |
| Northeastern Africa | -In region of Ethiopia -Kingdom of Aksum: rose to power based on international trade, capital was Aksum |
| Aksum & Religions | -Aksum King Ezana converted to Christianity and it become the official kingdom religion -7th & 8th century the Islams cut them off from the Red Sea trade |
| Zaqwe Dynasty | -rise from highland nobles to form Zaqwe Dynasty -claimed ties to Aksumities & Christian past legitimize power -Greatest leader, Lalibela, orders constructions of the rock churches at Roha |
| Solomonid Dynasty | -Solomind overthrows Zaqwe -Legitimizes claims to power through dynastic connection to king Solomon -Zara Yakob: reign best represents Solomonid culture |
| West Africa & Trans-Saharan Trade | -Settlement along Niger River -Introduction of camel made travel across Sahara -North had salt -South had gold |
| Kingdom of Ghana | -tribal chiefdom ruled by war chief -control of trans-Shara trade resources made Ghana wealthy |
| Kingdom of Mali | -controlled desert gold trade -greatest ruler Mansa Musa -Timbuktu: urban center for Islamic culture and learning |
| Songhai | -Rebel state of Kingdom of Mali -becomes largest of the West Africa Kingdoms -Dunni Ali: struggled with Muslim elites -Askia Muhammad: Fully embraced Islam, made it state religion |
| Decentralized Regional kingdoms in India | -After fall of Mauryan Empire north transformed into regional kingdoms ruled by a local ruler -strengthen Indian culture & commerce with other countries -land trade routes connected to silk road |
| Rise of Gumpta Dynasty | -Main Gumpta Rulers: Chandra Gumpta I, Samudra Gumpta, Chandra Gumpta II -warlike culture -followed Mauryan power, strong central government |
| Prospect & stability in Gumpta Dynasty | -Gumpta Dynasty brings prosperity to Northern India -agriculture & peasants taxed 1/4 harvest -Improved Infrastructure: roads & irrigation -Foreign Trade: seas & land routes |
| "The Golden Age": Science, Mathematics, & Medicine | -Nalanda University, come up with quadratic equations, shape/rotation of the earth -Math: sign foe zero, numerical system -Medicine: health regimes, herbal remedies, advanced drug treatments, surgery |
| Fate of the Buddha in India | -split in community after Siddhartha Guatama dies -Theravada: abides by Buddha's original principles -Mahayana: Not individual enlightenment, but community/devotional salvation |
| Hinduism | -Heterogeneous system of beliefs, Hinduism adapts & increases in popularity -stressed devotion to a particular deity -"Indian Trinity": Shiva, Vishnu, Devi -The deities had avatars (reincarnations) |
| "The Golden Age": Religious Books & Heroic Epics | -golden age for literature -The Puranas (Ancient Tales) -Bhagavad Gita ("Song of the Lord"): part of Mahabhrata which is the world's longest epic poem |
| Society in Gupta Age | -Status of Untouchables declines -Family is the primary social unite in Indian society -Elite Men: "Four Stages of Life," each lasted 27 years: 1. student, 2. household, 3. hermit, 4. wonder -Women: status worsens |
| Decline of Gupta Power | -The Huns attack, but are defended off -smaller kingdoms break Gupta control -8th century Muslims invade & create Hindu/Muslim conflict |
| Imperial China Dynastic Chronology | -Age of Disunity -Sui -Tang -Song, there were two periods know as the Northern Song & the Southern Song |
| Age of Disunity in China | -conflict between different Chinese groups & non-Chinese nomadic groups -formation of six successive dynasties, led by powerful families & warlords -population decline |
| Buddhism | -After the fall of the Han, people turn to new religions for relief -Buddhism (Mahyana) first introduced into china during Han Dynasty -Chinese adapt the Buddhist religion & form the Pure Land Sect/Amidism |
| Daoism | -goes from a philosophy to a devotional religion -localized -worship deities, give offerings |
| Sui Dynasty | -Two generation of rulers: Emperor Sui Wendi & Sui Yangdi -Brief dynasty, but accomplish many important feats -reunited china by military force -rebuilt Great Wall, built Grand Canal |
| Tang Dynasty | -Two main Emperors: Tang Gaozu & Emperor Tang Taizong -Expanded their territory -Capital at Chagan where bureaucratic state forms |
| Tang Bureaucracy | -Capital City - Chagan -"Forbidden City" - Emperor's palace -"Imperial City" - bureaucratic center -Department of state affairs with six ministries -any male could take the civil service exam to obtain a government position |
| More information on Tang | -Era of economic productivity, wet rice is produced & Tea becomes a staple -rise in urbanization, 10% live in cities -continued foreign trade |
| Tang Decline/Song Rise | -Tang Power declines in the 8th & 9th century because of huge dept from defensive military campaigns & lack of revenue from taxes (people give free land) 10th century decentralized chaos -military officer unifies China & forms the Song Dynasty |
| Northern Song Dynasty | -Zhou Kuangyin became know as Emperor Taizu -smaller territory, surrounded in north by military powerful non-Chinese states -problem of appeasement to other states -12th century the Jurchen come to power north of the Song |
| Southern Song Dynasty | -Jurchens annex entire Yellow River Basin, establish their own Qin Dynasty -Song flee south, new capital at Hangzhou -Accomplishments: Agriculture: double cropping & terracing rice fields, Technology: gunpowder weapons & the first printed books |
| Southern Song Society | -urban -Marco Polo: Venetian travelers took 24 year journey through Asia -Status of Women declines |
| The Mongols & their Society | -Nomads, Pastoralism -occasionally traded -warrior society, raided villages, clans/tribes fought each other, Calvary -Clans->Tribes->Confederations (rare) -name for the leader was Khan |
| Temujin (later know as Genghis Khan) | -son of a minor clan; orphaned; abused -he becomes a powerful warrior & leader and elected leader of the Mongol Confederation |
| Accounting for Military success of the Mongols | -Genghis Khan was a strategist, diplomat -Fighting skills: advantage on horseback, weapons, skilled at siege warfare, smart tactics: feint & surprise return -used terror & intimindation |
| SE Asia: Khanate of the Great Khan | -Kubila Khan, grandson to Genghis, "Great Khan" -Created Yuan Dynasty in China -4 class system: 1.Mongols, 2.Non-Chinese minorities, 3.Northern Chinese, 4.Southern Chinese -Failed expansion -Accomplish: commerce, use of paper money, building projects |
| Middle East: Il Khan Empire | -Genghis Khan's son, Ogodei, continues campaign in Middle East -Overrun Persians, defeat Seljuk Turks -Begin campaign against Abbasid, Baghdad falls -Many Mongols convert to Islam |
| West Asia (Russia) & the Golden Horde | -Batu Khan, (grandson) pushes into west Asia -Mongols rule indirectly, live on steppe -did not adapt Russian ways -Iuan III deafest the Mongols in 16th century |
| Khanate of Jagadai | -Jagadai is the second son Genghis -poorest & least populated of the Khanate, locked in by other Kanate Empires |
| Mongol Chronology | 1. Conquest of Genghus Khan 2. Khanate of the Great Khan 3. Khanate of the Il Khan 4. Khanate of the Golden Horde 5. Khanate of Jagadai |
| Aztec Origins | -12th century Mexica people migrated to valley of Mexico -Foundation Myth: originally from island called Aztlan, God Huitzilopotchli encouraged them to search for promise land in valley of Mexico -Built capital on lake Texcoco, called Tenochtitlan |
| Tenochtitlan,"City in Lake" | -built in a lake -grew to large urban center -agriculture: crops planted on "Chimpas," floating platforms in lake -transportation: movement via canoes around city -Defense: isolated in the lake, only access point series of causeways |
| Aztec Rise to Power | -Aztec starts as a tributary state to Atzcapotzalco -Aztec forms triple alliance with the city-state Texcoco & Tlacopan, deaf eat Aztcapotzalco -Aztec ruler rises to power |
| Aztec Empire | -Nahuatl speaking -"non-integrated empire":conquered but no direct rule -focused on inner provinces then outer provinces |
| Aztec Society | -Ruler is elected, non-hereditary position, a great warrior -3 class system: - 1. Nobles: warriors, officers, priests - 2. Commoners: merchants, artisans, farmers - 3. Slaves: based on bad conduct |
| Aztec Religion | -Polytheistic, saw world cradled between 13 levels of Heaven & 9 levels of the Underworld -Tenochtitlan had ceremonial center -Worshiped the Sun God, Huitzilopotchli |
| Inca Empire | -massive empire, 3,000 miles -creation myth: Inca provided "promise land" near Cuzco by God -series of powerful leaders built empires -conquest through persuassion |
| Adaption to the Andes | -Incas mastered difficult mountain terrain to unify empire -master engineers: canal, aqueducts, cities high in the Andes -for communication: built road system & suspension bridges |
| Life in the Inca Empire | -Politics: all state authority with Emperor -Society divided between nobles & commoners -Agriculture: state controlled command system, harvest warehouse; potato -Religion Polytheistic, Sun God called Inti |
| Spanish vs. the Aztecs | -Spanish land on Yucatan Peninsula, led by Hernan Cortes -Aztec ruler Montezuma unsure how to react to the Spanish -Aztecs & Spanish battle, Spanish assisted with other native groups -Spanish bring with them Smallpox, superior weapon |
| Spanish vs. the Inca | -Portuguese explores reach South America & introduce Smallpox -Smallpox reaches Cuzco, Spa Inca dies creating a civil war -Spanish adventurer Fransisco Pizarro sets out for South America, he battles with the Incas -Inca Empire gone by 1535 |
| Revival of Towns & Trade | -urban revival due to agriculture advantages, population growth, & trade -urban cities gain independence -new markets created -Rise of Guilds |
| Holy Roman Empire | -Fall of Carolingian Dynasty leads to regional Duchies under German Dukes -Otto I of Saxony: conquest & alliance with Roman Catholic Church -Henry IV: "Investiture Controversy," Pope excommunicates him -Fredrick Barbarossa I: Campaign against N. Italy |
| Capetian France | -10th century over 30 feudal princes & territories -Hugh Capet, count of Paris, elected king -Louis VII marries Eleanor of Aquitaine -largest expansion of royal domain under Phillip 11 Augustus |
| England | -11th century England under Anglo-Saxon control -Crisis of succession: Harold vs. Williams, battle of Hastings, beginning of Norman rule in England -Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine creating English & French ties |
| Power of Roman Catholic Church | -Pope Gregory VII: instituted major church reforms & expanded papal power -Pope Innocent III: created highly organized administrative system -large Gothic Cathedrals built -Rise of Catholic schools |
| The Crusads | -11th-13th century Series of Military campaigns to recapture The Holy Land, Jerusalem, from Muslim control -Pop Urban 11 calls Christians to take up arms -1st crusade they capture Jerusalem -7th crusade last attempt to regain Jerusalem, failed |
| Plague | -1300-1600 most disruptive period in European history -changes in weather patterns end agriculture prosperity - leads to drought, famine, starvation -Black Death kills 1/3 of Europe's poulation |
| Italy & Spain | -Italy dominated by city-states, powerful in the North -8th-12th century Muslims control Spain -12th-15th century Reconquista of Spain by Christian states |
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NickUD
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