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Pathology
Neoplasia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| suffix ending in -oma indicates... | tumor, benign or malignant |
| prefix adeno indicates... | tumor of glandular epithelial origin |
| a malignant tumor of epithelial origin | carcinoma |
| a benign tumor of glandular epithelial origin | adenoma, papillary adenoma, and cystadenoma |
| a benign tumor of fibrous connective tissue | fibroma |
| a malignant tumor of fat cells | liposarcoma |
| a malignant tumor of bone | osteogenic sarcoma |
| a benign tumor of smooth muscle | leiomyoma |
| a malignant tumor of striated muscle | lymphangiosarcoma |
| malignant tumors of blood cells | lekukemias, lymphomas |
| What is the name of the histological scale for malignant tumors | Broders grade |
| which grade is anaplastic?... and what does that mean? | 4; dense chromatin |
| histologic change indicating neoplastic change in the cells showing it | cellular dysplasia |
| how can squamous epithelial dysplasia be classified | mild, moderate, severe, and classified by Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) I-III |
| denotes malignant change in cells but no cellular invasion into adjacent tissue | carcinoma in situ (stage 1) |
| 5 suggestive signs of possible malignant change in a pre-existing benign melanocytic nevus | Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter, Enlargement/elevation |
| Brief explanation of TNM System of Staging malignant tumors | Tumor size, presence of lymph Node, hematogenous Metastases |
| What are the 5 common metastased sites? | adrenal, brain, liver, lung, bone |
| control of cell growth involves what 5 types of proteins | growth factors, growth factor receptors, intracellular signal transducers, transcription factors, cell cycle control proteins |
| normal gene that encodes one of the 5 classes of proteins | protooncogene |
| Where can the mutation to oncogene occur? | promotor or coding part of the proto-oncogene |
| 4 ways oncogenes differ from proto-oncogenes... | mutation, overexpressed, expressed at inappropriate place, or time |
| what encodes a protein that prevents a cell from going to G1 to S phase...; if this mutates what happens?... where was this discovered? | RB gene;uncontrolled mitotic activity; in relation to retinoblastoma |
| list an important tumor suppressor that is often mutated in human cancers | TP53 |
| What 5 families of DNA viruses contain members which may be oncogenic | HPV, polyomaviruses, adenoviruses, Herpes (EBV), HBV and HCV |
| What are anti-oncogenes and what are 2 examples | growth inhibiting regulator genes; p53 gene, FHIT gene |
| What are targets of oncogenic factors? | proto-oncogenes, anti-oncogenes, DNA repair genes, Genes regulating apoptosis, Angiogenesis |
| what are stages of tumor cell transformation? | DNA damage and cell mutation, activation of oncogenes, malignant tumor |
| list some examples of chemical carcinogens | polycyclic hydrocarbons(procarcinogens), aromatic amines (procarcinogens), Aflatoxin B1 (procarcinogens), nitrosamine, paraban |
| What paraneoplastic syndrome can result in small cell lung cancer | SIADH, Cushing syndrome |
| What paraneoplastic syndrome can result in lung, head, neck, ovarian cancers | hypercalcemia |
| What paraneoplastic syndrome can result in pancreatic and lung cancers? | venous thrombosis |
| What paraneoplastic syndrome can result in autoimmune production of antibodies against the motor end plate? | myasthenia gravis |
| What paraneoplastic syndrome can result in antibodies against the voltage gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal? | Eaton Lambert syndrome |
| What tumor marker is for prostate-specific hormone? | PSA |
| What tumor marker is for ALPHA FETAL PROTEIN | AFP |
| What tumor marker is for colorectal and stomach | CEA |
| What tumor marker is for thyroid | Calcitonin |
| What tumor marker is for ovarian | CA-125 |
| What tumor marker is for pancreas, colon | CA-19-9 |
Created by:
abva
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