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Chapter 10 Vocab
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category |
Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms |
Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
Confirmation Bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
Mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
Functional Fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions |
Representativeness Heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes |
Availability Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
Overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments |
Framing | the way an issue is posed |
Belief Bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning |
Belief Perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
Phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
Morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning |
Grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others |
Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; the study of meaning |
Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
Babbling stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
One word stage | the stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
Two word stage | beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements |
Telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words |
Linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |