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ITM blood
Ch. 11
Question | Answer |
---|---|
*cardiovascular or circulatory system | body's system of transport and communication |
blood vessels | channels |
blood | fluid medium (transports) |
heart | pump which provides the force that moves the blood through the vessels |
blood | only liquid connective tissue |
functions of blood | transport oxygen & nutrients "to" cells & tissues |
functions of blood | transport wastes & other products of metabolism "away" from cells & tissues |
functions of blood | transport hormones |
functions of blood | maintain body temperature, regulate pH of body fluids |
functions of blood | form & transport cells & proteins |
plasma | 55% of blood volume |
plasma | liquid portion of blood |
formed elements | 45% of blood volume |
formed elements | red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
blood plasma | made up of water, solutes, gases, enzymes, hormones, nutrients, waste products & plasma proteins |
plasma proteins | globulins, fibrinogen, albumins |
globulins | antibodies |
fibrinogen | blood clotting |
albumins | thicken blood, pulls fluids from tissues |
*serum | blood plasma minus clotting factors |
red blood cells (RBC) | erythrocytes |
red blood cells | 90-99% of cell volume of blood |
hemoglobin | iron containing protein |
*hemoglobin | transports oxygen & carbon dioxide & gives blood its red color |
new red blood cells | formed in bone marrow |
mature red blood cells | lack nucleus & organelles, cannot reproduce |
glycoproteins & glycolipids | on plasma membrane surface of red blood cells |
glycoproteins & glycolipids | antigens which provoke antibody formation & Indicate blood type |
transfusions | transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another |
donor A, recepient A, AB | yes |
donor A. recipient B, O | no |
donor B, recipient B, AB | yes |
donor B, recipient A, O | no |
donor AB, recipient AB | yes |
donor AB, recipient A, B, O | no |
donor O, recipient A, B, AB, O | yes |
universal "recipient" | AB+ |
universal "donor" | O- |
Rh+ | have antigen |
Rh- | do not have antigen |
Erythroblastosis Fetalis | Rh- mother carries a "second" Rh+ fetus |
rhogam | injection of anti-Rh antibodies soon after delivery |
white blood cells (WBC) | leukocytes |
white blood cells | protects body against pathogens & tumors |
white blood cells | granulocytes & agranulocytes |
granulocytes | lobed nuclei & granules within cytoplasm |
neutrophils | phagocytic - defense against bacterial infections |
eosinophils | control parasitic infections & allergic reactions, contributes to inflammatory response |
basophils | plays a role in allergic reactions, produces heparin |
heparin | natural blood thinner |
*granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
*agranulocytes | monocytes, lymphocytes |
monocytes | large cells, kidney bean-shaped nuclei |
monocytes | phagocytic macrophages |
phagocytic macrophages | clearing up foreign & dead material in the tissues |
monocytes | plays a role in the immune response |
lymphocytes | cells with large nuclei |
lymphocytes | produce antibodies & chemicals that control disease, allergic reactions, tumors |
platelets | cell fragments, thrombocytes |
platelets | smallest formed elements in blood |
platelets | not cells, particles pinched off bits of cytoplasm formed from large cells called megakaryocytes |
platelets | plays major role in prevention of blood loss via clot formation |
hemostasis | blood loss |
hemopoiesis (hematopoiesis) | process of blood cell formation |
blood clot formation | 1.vascular spasm 2.plug formation 3.coagulation |
blood cells | formed from pluripotent stem cells |
pluripotent stem cells | found within bone marrow and lymphatic tissue |
myeloid stem cells | develope within "red" bone marrow |
myeloid stem cells | give rise to platelets, RBCs, WBCs (not lymphocytes & monocytes) |
lymphoid stem cells | found within lymph nodes, thymus, spleen bone marrow |
lymphoid stem cells | form lymphocytes & monocytes |
anemia | RBC disorder, "decrease" in number of RBC, hemoglobin content, amt of iron in blood |
hematocrit | measuring the percent volume that the blood cell sediment occupies |
*anemia symptoms | skin & mucosal pallor, dyspnea, heart palpitations, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, fatiguability |
hemolytic anemias | inherited disorders, formation of abnormal hemoglobin molecule that results in deformation & increased fragility of RBCs |
spherocytosis | instead of biconcave, RBC are rounded, rupture easily, causes "chronic" anemia |
sickle cell anemia | ingerited disease of hemoglobin formation, sickle-shaped RBCs, readily broken down, chronic anemia |
hemolyzed | broken down |
thalassemia | inherited disorder, abnormally shaped hemoglobin, found in mediterranean populations |
iron deficiency anemia | low hemoglobin level due to iron deficiency |
pernicious anemia | low RBC due to lack of vitamin B12 |
aplastic anemia | low RBC caused by bone marrow destruction caused by chemotherapy, radiation, antibiotics, toxic chemicals |
folate-deficiency anemia | low RBCs due to lack of folic acid (Vit B9) common among alcoholics & malnourished individuals |
acute blood loss anemia | occurs after hemorrhages with trauma or surgery or any sudden blood loss |
chronic blood loss anemia | results from frequent or long-term blood loss associated with cancer or slow bleeding ulcers |
polycythemia | erythrocytosis |
polycythemia | abnormal "increase" in number of RBCs |
polycythemia | seen in individuals living in high altitudes, reduced oxygen perfusion, cardiac, respiratory conditions, smokers, patients taking diuretics |
blood doping | diliberately inducing polycythemia |
blood doping | athletes removes blood and stores then gets infused back prior to event |
*leukopenia | having too "few" WBCs |
leukopenia | following radiation treatment & chemotherapy |
leukocytosis | too "many" WBCs |
leukocytosis | usually sign of infection and inflammation |
*leukemia* | malignant growth of nonfunctional WBCs |
acute & chronic lymphocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia |
acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia | subtypes of leukemia |
WBC count test | "total" number of WBCs in volume of blood |
differential WBC count test | "proportion"of "each" type of WBC |
Thrombocytopenia | "decrease" in number of platelets |
thrombocytopenia | from acute blood loss, infection, cancer, chemotherapy, lupus |
*hemophilia* | "missing or deficient" amount of one or more clotting factors |
hemophilia | trait passed from mothers to sons |
thrombus | "stationary" clot |
thrombosis | process of thrombus formation, flow of blood is sluggish,prolonged period of inactivity |
embolus | "moveable" clot |
embolus | can obstruct major vessels, disrupt blood supply to tissues, causing myocardial infarctions, strokes |