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Roy Linder
Psychology chapt. 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is learning? | Learning is a process through which experience produces lasting change in behavior or mental processes |
| What is Habituation | Habituation is Learning not to respond to repeated presentation of a stimulus. |
| What is instincts? | Instincts is Motivated behaviors that have a strong innate basis. |
| In reference to Learning, what is the Mere Exposure Effect? | In reference to Learning, the Mere Exposure Effect is a Learned preference for stimuli to which we have been previously exposed. |
| In reference to Learning, what is Behavioral Learning? | In reference to Learning, the Behavioral Learning are Forms of learning that can be described in terms of stimuli and responses (e.g., classical and operant conditioning) |
| What Sort of Learning Does Classical Conditioning Explain? | Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response. |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning, what is Neutral Stimulus? | In reference to Classical Conditioning, Neutral Stimulus is Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning. |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning, what is Acquisition? | In reference to Classical Conditioning, Acquisition is Initial learning stage in classical conditioning Conditioned response (CR) becomes elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| What are the four Basic Features of classical Condition? | The four Basic Features of classical Condition are; -Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) -Unconditioned Response(UCR) -Conditioned Stimulus(CS) -Conditioned Response(CR) |
| In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, what is the Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)? | In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, the Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS)is the stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response. |
| In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, what is The Unconditioned Response(UCR)? | In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, the Unconditioned Response(UCR)is the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning. |
| In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, what is the Conditioned Stimulus(CS)? | In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, the Conditioned Stimulus(CS)is a previously neutral stimulus that comes to elicit the conditioned responses. |
| In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, what is the Conditioned Response(CR)? | In reference to The Essentials of Classical Conditioning, the Conditioned Response(CR)A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the conditioned stimulus. |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning, what is Extinction? | In reference to Classical Conditioning, Extinction is the Weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning, what is Spontaneous Recovery? | In reference to Classical Conditioning, Spontaneous Recovery is an unexpected reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning: Generalization and Discrimination, what is Stimulus Generalization? | In reference to Classical Conditioning: Generalization and Discrimination, Stimulus Generalization is the extension of a learned response to stimuli that are similar to the CS. |
| In reference to Classical Conditioning: Generalization and Discrimination, what is Stimulus Discrimination? | In reference to Classical Conditioning: Generalization and Discrimination, Stimulus Generalization is the Learning to respond to a particular stimulus but not to similar stimuli. |
| What are the three Applications of Classical Conditioning? | The three Applications of Classical Conditioning are; -Conditioned Fear (Little Albert) -Counter conditioning -Conditioned Food Aversions |
| How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning? | In operant conditioning, the consequences of behavior—such as rewards and punishments—influence the probability that the behavior will occur again. |
| In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, What is Operant Conditioning? | In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, Operant Conditioning is a Learning in which the probability of a response or changed by its consequences—that is, by the stimuli that follow the response |
| In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, What is Law of Effect? | In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, Law of Effect is the Responses that produced desirable results would be learned or “stamped” into the organism. |
| In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, what is a Reinforcer? | In reference to How Do We Learn New Behaviors by Operant Conditioning, the Reinforcer is a Condition (involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus) that occurs after a response and strengthens that response. |
| What is Skinner's Radical Behaviorism? | B.F. Skinner believed that the most powerful influences on behavior are its consequences. “The power of reinforcement” Operant Chamber Barlike apparatus that delivers reinforcers and punishers contingent on an animal’s behavior |
| In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, what are Positive Reinforcers? | In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, Positive Reinforcers are Stimulus presented after a response; increases the probability of that response happening again Positive = add or apply |
| In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, what are Negative Reinforcers? | In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcers are the Removal of an unpleasant stimulus; increases the probability of that response happening again Negative = subtract or remove |
| What are Contingencies of Reinforcement? | Contingencies of Reinforcement are varying the timing and frequency of reinforcement |
| In reference to Contingencies of Reinforcement, what is Continuous Reinforcement? | In reference to Contingencies of Reinforcement, Continuous Reinforcement it the reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced. |
| In reference to Contingencies of Reinforcement, what is the Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement? | In reference to Contingencies of Reinforcement, the Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement is a reinforcement schedule in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced. |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what do the Ratio Schedules depend on? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, Ratio Schedules, Reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses. |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what do the Interval Schedules depend on? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, the Interval Schedules Reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement |
| What are the four Interval Schedules? | The four Interval Schedules are; -Fixed Ratio(FR) -Variable Ratio(VR) -Fixed Interval(FI) and -Variable Interval(VI) |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what is the Fixed Ratio(FR) contingent on ? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, the Fixed Ratio reinforcement is contingent on a certain, unchanging number of responses(e.g., factory workers getting paid after every ten cases of product are completed). |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what is the Variable Ratio(VR) contingent on ? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, the Variable Ratio(VR) contingent on the Reinforcement presented after a certain number of responses, but that number varies from trial to trial(e.g., slot machine pay-offs). |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what is the Fixed interval(FI)? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, the Fixed Interval(FI) is the reinforcement presented after a certain fixed amount of time, regardless of number of responses(e.g., weekly or monthly paychecks). |
| In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, what is the Variable interval(VI)? | In reference to Schedules of Reinforcement, the Variable interval(VI) is the Reinforcement presented after a certain amount of time, but that amount varies from trial to trial(e.g., random visits from the boss, who delivers praise) |
| What are the two Powers of Reinforcement? | The two Powers of Reinforcement are -Primary Reinforcers and -Secondary (Conditioned) Reinforcers |
| In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, what are the Primary Reinforcers? | In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, the Primary Reinforcers, are reinforcers that fulfill basic biological needs or desires, such as food and sex, that have an innate value to an organism |
| In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, what are the Secondary(conditioned) Reinforcers? | In reference to The Power of Reinforcement, the Secondary(conditioned) Reinforcers are Stimuli, such as money or tokens, that acquire their reinforcing power by their learned association with primary reinforcers. |
| What are the Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement? | The Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement are Instinctive Drift and Premack Principle |
| In reference to the Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement, what is Instinctive Drift? | In reference to the Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement,the Instinctive Drift Innate response tendencies interfere with learned behaviors; innate tendencies can override behaviors learned through reinforcement. |
| In reference to the Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement, what is the Premack Principle? | In reference to the Factors that Can Influence the Effectiveness of Reinforcement, the Premack is Principle is A preferred activity can reinforce a less preferred activity (E.g., children sitting quietly in class in order to go out for recess) |
| What is Punishment? | Punishment is an aversive consequence that diminishes the strength of the response it follows |
| What are the two forms of Punishment? | The two forms of punishment are Positive Punishment and Negative Punishment. |
| What is Positive Punishment? | Positive punishment is the Application (+) of an aversive stimulus after a response. |
| What is Negative Punishment? | Negative punishment is the Removal (-) of an attractive stimulus after a response |
| When does Punishment work? | Punishment works; When presented without delay, When consistent, When limited in duration and intensity, When the consequence is logical, When limited to the specific situation at hand, When no mixed messages are sent,When negative punishment is used. |
| What are the Uses and Abuses of Punishment? | the Uses and Abuses of Punishment are; Power of use usually disappears when threat of punishment is removed, Rewards can override/overpower the punishment,Often triggers escape or aggression Teaches legitimate use of aggression to influence others, |
| What are the Uses and Abuses of Punishment(pt2)? | The Uses and Abuses of Punishment(pt2) are; Teaches legitimate use of aggression to influence others, May inhibit learning new and better responses, Is often applied unequally. |
| How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning? | According to cognitive psychology, some forms of learning must be explained as changes in mental processes rather than as changes in behavior alone |
| In reference to How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning, what is Insight Learning? | In reference to How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning, Insight Learning is Cognitive learning, in which problem solving occurs by means of a sudden reorganization of perception. |
| In reference to How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning, what are Cognitive Maps: Tolman? | In reference to How Does Cognitive Psychology Explain Learning, Cognitive Maps: Tolman are; A mental representation of a physical or mental “space” Support that learning was mental, not purely behavioral |
| What is Observational Learning: Bandura’s Challenge to Behaviorism? | Observational Learning: Bandura’s Challenge to Behaviorism are; Observational Learning- Form of cognitive learning New responses are acquired after watching others’ behavior and the consequences of their behavior. |
| In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, what is Long-Term Potentiation? | In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Long-Term Potentiation is a Biological process involving physical changes that strengthen the synapses in groups of nerve cells. Believed to be the neural basis of learning |
| In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, what is Extinction? | In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Extinction is Forgetting unimportant associations Neurotransmitters block memories. glutamate; norephinephrine |
| I reference to the Brain Mechanism and Learning, in what are the two ways the brain circuitry is different for types of learning? | The two ways the brain circuitry is different for types of learning are Simple circuits and complex learning. |
| In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, what is Simple Circuits? | In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Simple circuits is classical conditioning and operant learning. |
| In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, what is Complex Learning | In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Complex Learning is the concept formation, insight learning, and observational learning. |
| In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, what are Observational Learning and Mirror Neurons? | In reference to the Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Observational Learning and Mirror Neurons are Neurons that help us imitate others’ behaviors. |
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roylin5507
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