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PSY 363H Quiz 1
Dr. Goodnight Chapters 1 and 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What defines psychological disorders? | Cognitions, behavior, and/or emotions that deviate from cultural and developmental norms. +1 or more of the following: distress, impairment, harm |
| Who defines normality? | Cultural context and developmental norms. But that's not enough, there are healthy differences. |
| Oldest tradition of explaining abnormal behavior | Supernatural |
| Middle tradition of explaining abnormal behavior | Biological |
| Youngest tradition of explaining abnormal behavior | Psychological |
| Father of modern Western medicine (430-377 BC) | Hippocrates |
| Natural causes | Etiology |
| Came up with the humoral theory of mental illness (blood, black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile), the idea that abnormal behavior=chemical imbalances, and came up with treatments to correct imbalance: environmental regulation, bloodletting, induced vomiting | Galen (129-198 AD) |
| Led the "moral movement" | Pinel (and creation of asylums) |
| Early twentieth century perspectives | Biological and Psychological perspectives (more merged now) |
| Provided a biological basis for madness | Syphilis (STI with psychosis-like symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations) caused by bacterial microorganisms |
| Biological treatments in the 1930's | Insulin shock therapy (painful, effective), Brain surgery (lobotomies, 20,000 procedures by the early 1950's), Electro-Convulsive Therapy (remains a treatment for severe depression) |
| Biological treatments in the 1950's | Psychotropic medications developed, Antipsychotic medication (Neuroleptics; treatment of psychosis), Anti-anxiety medication (Anxiolytics); large, state-run institutions |
| One of the first psychological theory, Freud is the father | Psychoanalytic theory |
| Started "Mesmerism" and hypnosis | Anton Mesmer |
| Used hypnosis as a treatment and was a mentor to Freud | Jean Charcot |
| Father of psychoanalysis (not science-based, developed on the basis of his experiences with his patients) | Freud |
| Intrapsychic conflict and effects of early experience | Psychoanalysis |
| What does the modern study of psychopathology rely on? | Scientific method, can't rely on people casually reporting |
| The perspectives used to explain events (Simplify and organize, make assumptions, set guidelines for investigations, promote understanding, but can also bias it | Models |
| Model that adopts a medical perspective; etiology has physical origins (typically point to problems in genetics, brain chemistry, brain anatomy/function) | The Biological Model |
| Functional sections of DNA located on chromosomes | Genes |
| Influences of genes | Determine physical characteristics (e.g. height), increase or decrease risk for psychopathology (polygenetic influences: multiple genes interact), effects are probabilistic, not deterministic) |
| The role of the nervous system in disease and behavior | The Field of Neuroscience |
| Two branches of the Human Nervous System | Central and Peripheral Nervous System |
| System with brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System |
| System with somatic and autonomic branches | Peripheral nervous system |
| Two main parts of brain | Brain stem (midbrain and hindbrain; basic functions) and Forebrain (higher cognition, lobes of the cerebral cortex) |
| Limbic system | Amygdala, hippocampus, and other structures; emotional responses and memories; strong links with psycopathology |
| Lobe that is responsible for thinking, reasoning abilities, memory, regulating moods, also the source of impulsivity | Frontal Lobe |
| Lobe responsible for sight/sound recognition and long-term memory | Temporal Lobe |
| Lobe responsible for touch recognition | Parietal lobe |
| Lobe responsible for integrating visual input | Occipital lobe |
| Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for voluntary muscles and movement | Somatic division |
| Part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for sympathetic (activating;ex.increased heart rate), parasympathetic (normalizing; ex. decreased heart rate), and both divisions regulate cardiovascular system/temp. and endocrine system.digestion | Autonomic division |
| System of glands that produce hormones | Endocrine system |
| Integrates endocrine and nervous system, involved in fight or flight (stress response) | HPA Axis |
| Basic building block of nervous system | Neuron |
| Three neurotransmitters | GABA and Glutamate, Serotonin, Dopamine |
| Neurotransmitter implicated in anxiety and its treatment | GABA and Glutamate |
| Neurotransmitter that regulates behavior, moods, thought processes and is implicated in depression and many other forms of psychotherapy | Serotonin |
| Neurotransmitter that is implicated in schizophrenia and is also associated with reward processing and impulsivity | Dopamine |
| Three major types of biological treatment | Drug therapy, ECT, Psychosurgery |
| Biological treatment used for treatment-resistant depression | ECT |
| Biological treatment that is much more precise today than in the past. It is considered experimental and used only in extreme cases | Psychosurgery |
| Oldest, most famous psychological model, no longer the dominant model in abnormal psychology | Psychodynamic model |
| Basic primitive urges, pleasure principle, illogical, emotional, irrational | Id |
| Suppresses unacceptable urges, reality principle, logical and rational, balances, fights to stay on top of the Id and Superego | Ego |
| How you should behave, moral principles, "conscience" | Superego |
| Loss of control | anxiety |
| Therapy to unearth intrapsychic conflicts, uses interpretation to lead to insight, not focused on symptom relief | Psychodynamic/analytic psychotherapy |
| Person-centered therapy (Carl Rogers) focused on intrinsic goodness and self-actualization; hierarchy of needs; non-directive approach of therapy, empathy, unconditional positive regard | Humanistic model |
| The environment determines mental health, classical and operant conditioning and a scientific emphasis, focus on behavior; Watson was the father | The Behavior Model |
| Father of Behaviorism | John B. Watson |
| Learning from consequences of actions; originated by Thorndike and popularized by skinner | Operant conditioning |
| Classical conditioning | Pavlov |
| Bobo doll and learning by watching others and observing consequences | Albert Bandura |
| Extinguishing abnormal reactions to particular stimuli such as systematic desensitization for phobias (dog example) | Classical conditioning |
| Reduce unwanted behaviors by changing consequences (punishment/reinforcement) | Operant conditioning |
| Person avoids anxiety by simply not allowing painful or dangerous thoughts to become conscious; desire to attack boss is denied access to his awareness | Repression |
| Person simply refuses to acknowledge the existence of an external source of anxiety; tell yourself an exam is not important | Denial |
| Person attributes own unacceptable impulses, motives, or desires to other individuals; projecting anger onto boss | Projection |
| Person creates a socially acceptable reason for an action that actually reflects unacceptable motives; explaining poor grades by talking about the total experience of school | Rationalization |
| Person displaces hostility away from a dangerous object and onto a safer substitute; starting an argument with your roommate after being cut off by a car | Displacement |
| Person represses emotional reactions in favor of overly logical response to a problem; woman who has been beaten gives a detached description of effects | Intellectualization |
| Person retreats from an upsetting conflict to an early developmental stage at which no one is expected to behave maturely responsibly | Regression |
| Operant conditioning | Skinner |
| Distortions in the way one views the world, the self, others behaviors, and/or the future; therapies people can overcome their problems by developing new ways of thinking | Cognitive model |
| Main model of cognitive therapy; help client recognize and restructure their thinking, they guide clients to challenge dysfunctional thoughts, try out new interpretations, and apply new ways of thinking in their daily lives; used in treating depression | Beck's Cognitive Therapy |
| Influences are interdependent | Integrative model |
| Negative life events or contextual variables; environmental | Stress |
| Inherited tendency to express traits/behaviors; usually genetic, may manifest in personality | Diathesis |
| Effects of stress (environment) on psychopathology depend on one's diathesis (genes); genes can make a person more or less susceptible to negative effects of environment | Diathesis-stress |
| Genes shape how we create our environments; inherited predispositions or traits that increase one's likelihood to engage in activities or seek out situations; example is divorce | Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model |
| Environments affect gene expression; particular genes can be turned on or off | Epigenetics |
| An advocate for astrological explanations for abnormal behavior | Astrological |
| Anxiety reduction procedure that is based on principles of classical conditioning | Systematic desensitization |
| Said that we learn not just by experiencing consequences for ourselves, but also by observing the behaviors of others | Bandura |
| Therapy that is non directive with clients | Person/client centered therapy |
| Contributes to the fight-or-flight response | HPA axis |
| Year the first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders were developed | 1950s |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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