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Unit 2 RM
Research Methods
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anecdotal evidence | consists of personal stories about specific incidents & experiences |
| Case study | an in-depth investigation of an individual subject |
| Confounding Variables | occurs when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects |
| Control group | consists of similar subjects who does not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group |
| Correlation | exists when two variables are related to each other |
| Correlation Coefficient | a numerical index of degree of relationship between two variables |
| Data collection techniques | procedures for making empirical observations and measurements |
| Dependent variable | variable that is thought to be affected by manipulation of the independent variable |
| Descriptive statistics | used to organize and summarize data |
| Double-blind procedure | a research strategy in which neither subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups |
| Experiment | a research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result |
| Experimental group | consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable |
| Experimenter bias | a phenomenon that occurs when a researcher's expectation or performs about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained |
| Extraneous variables | any variables other than the independent variable that seems likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study |
| Hypothesis | a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Independent variable | in a experiment, a condition or event that an experimenter varies in order to see its impact on another variable |
| Inferential statistics | statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions |
| Journal | a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry |
| Mean | the arithmetic average of the scores in a distribution |
| Median | the score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores |
| Mode | the most frequent score in a distirbution |
| Naturalistic observation | the descriptive research method in which the researcher engages in careful, usually prolonged, observation of behavior without intervening directly with the subjects |
| Operational definition | a definition that describes the actions or operations that will be made to measure or control a variable |
| Participants | the persons or animals whose behavior is systematically observed in a study |
| Placebo effects | the fact that subjects' expectations can lead to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment |
| Population | the larger collection of animals or people from which a sample is drawn and that researchers want to generalize about |
| Random assignment | the constitution of a groups in a study such that al subjects here an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition |
| Replication | the repetition of a study to see whether the earlier results are duplicated |
| Research methods | differing approaches to the manipulation and control of variables in empirical studies |
| Response sets | a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the questions |
| Sample | the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study |
| Sampling bias | a problem that occurs when a sample is not representative of the population from which it is drawn |
| Social desirability bias | a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
| Standard deviation | an index of the amount of variability in a set of data |
| Statistical significance | to exist when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low |
| Statistics | use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data |
| Survey | researchers are questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects' of participants background and behavior |
| Theory | system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations |
| Variability | how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean |
| Variables | are at any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study + |
| Hindsight bias | the tendency to mold one's interpretation of the past to fit how events actually turned out |
| Applied research | type of research which is conducted to solve practical problems |
| Basic research | conducted with the intent of increasing the scientific knowledge base and to find theoretical truth and understanding |
| Validity | the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure |
| Reliability | the measurement constituency of a test (or of other kinds of measurement techniques) |
| Sampling | the part of statistical practice concerned with the selection of individual observations intended to yield some knowledge about a population of concern |
| Random collection | process of gathering a representative sample for a particular study |
| Stratified sampling | a sampling method used when the population is composed a several subgroups that may differ in the behavior or attribute you are studying |
| Assignment | the position or post to which a person is assigned |
| Participant bias (Response bias) | a participant of a study provides a response that does not reflect their true feelings, thoughts, or behavior |
| Hawthorne effect | the change of behavior resulting from attention participants believe they are getting from researchers, and not the variables manipulated by the researchers |
| Scatter plot | a visual representation of the relationships or associations between two numerical variables, which are represented as points or dots , each plotted at a horizontal and vertical axis |
| Survey method | a method for collecting information or data as reported by individuals |
| Normal curve | a frequency curve where most occurrences take place in the middle of the distribution and taper off in either side |
| APA Ethical Guidelines for Human Research |
Created by:
KGraham12
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