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Neurology Chapter 19
Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Function
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| How was localization in the brain done in the past and how is it done now? | -Past- Looked at how different lesions in the brain affected behavior. Used this info to guide normal behavior -Present- use MRI to see what structures active in normal brains |
| Frontal lobe | -Left lobe very active in verbal expression -Executive function: 1)Planning 2)Sequencing 3)Initiation – inhibition 4)Working memory |
| Temporal Lobe | -Primary auditory cortex -Wernicke’s area -Semantic processing |
| Wernicke’s area | -located in Temporal -Important for auditory comprehension. -Links lexical items up w/ symantical explanations. I.E. Links furry animal that barks with dog. -Important for semantic task (determining if animate or inanimate object) |
| Parietal Lobe | -Reading + writing -Praxis (location of stored learned, skilled behaviors like brushing your teeth, cutting up you food) -Right lobe deals with Spatial processing (not in left) |
| Occipital Lobe | -Primary visual cortex -Visual association cortex -Irrigated by the posterior cerebral artery |
| Functionalization of the brain | -Occurs over period of time. -Brain becomes more specialized with development -When children are born they do not have specific language areas. -Language in children is more diffusely organized. |
| Cross aphasia | -person who is right handed, has a lesion in right hemisphere and is aphasic. |
| Percentage hemisphere dominate for language in right handed people | -99% of people who are right handed are left hemisphere dominate for language. Only 1% of people who are right handed are right hemisphere dominate. |
| Percentage hemisphere dominate for language in left handed people | -70 to 80% are left hemisphere dominate for language processing. -20 to 30% have right hemisphere language dominance. |
| Cerebral dominance for language | -Left hemisphere is called “Dominant” hemisphere -Right handed people have longer planum temporale (superior temporal lobe) in left hemisphere -Left hemisphere not larger in kids which probably means this is due to brain development |
| Right Hemisphere Functions | -hemisphere involved in: -visual-spatial and constructional tasks -emotion and emotional intonation of speech and music. -This hemisphere is often referred to as the “Minor” Hemisphere |
| Dysarthria | -Paralysis or Paresis of Muscles. Presented as slurred speech. Usually caused by stroke, but can also be seen in Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS. -Not a language processing or motor planning problem as it is down stream from that. |
| Flaccid Dysarthria | -Caused by LMN lesions –Hypernasal, breathy speech and imprecisely articulated consonants |
| Spastic Dysarthria | –Caused by UMN lesions –Harsh, strained / strangled speech with slow articulation. -The muscles used for speech are hyper contracted. -Seen in Cortical lesions. -Often coincides with aphasia |
| Hypokinetic Dysarthria | –Caused by Basal ganglia lesions –Decreased monotonous loudness -Imprecise consonants and short vowels. -Tremor in the Jaw -Seen in Parkinson |
| Hyperkinetic Dysarthria | –Caused by Basal ganglia lesions –Variable rate, excessive variation in loudness and timing with distorted vowels. -Often seen in Huntington’s |
| Ataxic dysarthria | -Caused by lesions in the cerebellum -Uncoordinated speech musculature |
| Mixed Dysarthria | -When more than one area of the brain is affected. -Combination of the other dysarthrias |
| Apraxia of speech | -Motor speech planning disorder. -Programming Disorder -No Paresis -Problems programming the musculature for speech sounds. -NOT a language problem. |
| Broca’s Aphasia | -Language Disorder -Caused by lesions in the frontal lobe and in other subcortical areas like the insula to get full blown case. -Person understands, but can’t express. |
| Lesion isolated in Broca’s area only leads to a | transient verbal apraxia (goes away after a while) |
| Wernicke’s Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in posterior temporal lobe. -Is an auditory comprehension problem. |
| Global Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in a Wide area. -Major auditory comprehension and expressive problem. -Worse kind of aphasia to have. |
| Conduction Aphasia | -Associated with lesions in the Angular gyrus or inf. Partial Lobe -Person understands language, but has problems with repeating words. -Has phonemic paraphasia (phonemes mixed up) --Have good auditory comprehension. |
| Anomic Aphasia | -Least certain lesion location. -Mildest form of apashia. -Person has problems coming up with the right words. |
| Transcortical Aphasia | Same as wernikies but they can repeat. |
| Subcortical Aphasia | -Occurs when there is a lesion in the Thalamus or basil ganglia that actually results in aphasia. -Theses lesions usually cause hypo profusion lesions in cortical areas. |
| Alexia | -An acquried reading problem. -Ability to read has to proceed onset -Seen in most of the aphasias. -Seen in patients with lesions all over the left hemispheres. |
| Location of lesion of Alexia with agraphia | -supramarginal or angular gyrus |
| Location of lesion of Alexia withOUT agraphia | -medial occipital and temporal Lobes |
| Deep dyslexia | Aphasic alexia that's a result of large mixed lesions |
| Surface dyslexia | Aphasic alexia that's a result of anterior left hemisphere lesions |
| Motor planning disorder Apraxia | Refers to difficulty in carrying out pre-learned voluntary motor acts. |
| Constructional Apraxia | -Visual-spatial difficulty from Right Hemisphere. -AKA Left hemisphere spatial neglect. |
| Dressing Apraxia | -Problem with Spatial perception of clothing in relationship to body. -Have trouble putting clothes on. -May put on jacket upside down or inside out. |
| Oculomotor Apraxia | -Difficulty in moving eyez upon command. -Eye reflexive movement stays intact |
| Gait Apraxia | -Problems in walking when muscles strength is intact |
| Ideomotor Apraxia | -Trouble following commands. -They understand the command, but have problems carrying out the motor tasks. |
| Ideational Apraxia | -Trouble with multistep tasks – trouble with use of objects – may confuse objects use. I.e. Knows what the object is but uses it for wrong task. -Occupational therapist usually treats this. |
| Limb-Kinetic | Trouble with one limb only |
| Dementia | -Gradual deterioration of cognitive abilities (as opposed to sudden onset that would most likely be stroke and could result in something like aphasia) -Language problems are a result of deterioration of cognitive processes. -Neurogenically Based |
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aramos139
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