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Infectious Disease
NWHSU- ID final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bird handlers are at risk for what Chlamydia disease? | Chlamydia psittaci (bacteria) |
| What are the signs and symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia? | Rapid rise in temperature (103 to105 F), o Chestpain o Chills o Productive cough; purulent or blood-tinged o Severe case: cyanosis and confusion |
| What is the most common cause of community-acquired typical pneumonia? | Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria) |
| What is the most common cause of atypical pneumonia? | Mycoplasma pneumoniae (pro-karyote) |
| What are the 2 diseases caused by Hantaviruses and which is more important to the U.S.? | 1) Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (most important) 2) Hemorrhagic Fever with renal syndrome |
| Which 2 fungal diseases are associated with bird droppings? | 1) Histoplasmosis 2) Cryptococcosis |
| Which yeast has a large capsule that is a virulence factor? | Pneumocystis pneumonia (Caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci) |
| Give the geographical location for this systemic fungal infection: BLASTOMYCOSIS | South central, southeastern, and midwestern US |
| Give the geographical location for this systemic fungal infection: HISTOPLASMOSIS | Endemic in parts of central and eastern US along the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys |
| Give the geographical location for this systemic fungal infection: COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS | Endemic in the southwestern US |
| Pneumocystis is a common cause of pneumonia in what group of people? | HIV positive individuals |
| What fungus can cause a non-invasive infection characterized by a "fungus ball" that forms on pulmonary surfaces? | Apergillosis |
| What age group is most seriously affected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | Infants |
| What kind of infectious agents cause most colds? | 90% are caused by viruses |
| What is the most common bacterial cause of pharyngitis (sore throat)? | Streptococcus pyogenes |
| What are the most common causes of a secondary bacterial infection in a patient with influenza? | ? |
| What bacteria cause Scarlet Fever? | "Strep" (throat with a rash) |
| Why is it important to treat a Strep throat? | It may spread to other parts of the body and cause Acute glomerulonephritis or Rheumatic Fever |
| Define: ANTIGENIC DRIFT | Slight mutation in a single strand |
| Define: ANTIGENIC SHIFT | 2 different strains infect the same cell and reassert RNA strands to make a new strain |
| Describe the course of a TB infection? | 1) Pathology includes forming a tubercle in the lung 2) When the infection is arrested, the tubercle undergoes fibrosis and calcification 3) Viable bacteria may remain inside |
| In what cell can Mycobacterium tuberculosis survive and grow? | Macrophages |
| What do MDR-TB and XDR-TB mean? | MDR-TB= Resistant to rifampin and isoniazid XDR-TB= Resistant to first line plus a fluoroquinolone and one second line injectable drug |
| What 2 bacteria cause about 70% of sinusitis infections? | 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae 2) Haemophilus influenzae |
| What bacteria are a common cause of otitis media? | 1) Streptococcus pneumoniae 2) Haemophilus influenzae |
| Describe the stages of Pertussis (whooping cough)? | 1) Typical cold symptoms (Catarrhal stage) 2) Explosive cough with rapid inhalation (Spasmadic stage) |
| Diphtheria has 2 different pathological problems, what are they? | 1) a grayish pharyngeal membrane may form cutting off air supply 2) a toxin may be formed that can affect the nerves and heart (via blood) |
| Describe the possible course of a Nocardia infection? | 1) Resulting pneumonia is chronic with abscesses, extensive necrosis, and cavity formation 2) May metastasize to brain or kidneys |
| What bacteria cause most urinary tract infections? | E. coli |
| What bacteria cause about 30% of urinary tract infections in women? | Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| What STDs are characterized by genital ulcers/lesions? | Genital herpes, syphillis, chancroid, lymph granuloma vanereum |
| Describe the stages of syphilis? | 1-principle lesion is chancre, painless, full of bacteria 2-rash appears with fever, malaise latent-Test positive, but have no symptoms (may last 3-30 yrs) 3-may have granumatous lesions in the rest of the body- not contagious |
| How is syphilis diagnosed? | Serological tests (treponemal and non-treponemal |
| What bacteria cause chancroid? | Haemophilus ducreyi |
| What bacteria are the most common causes of pelvic inflammatory disease? (2) | -Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Clamydia trachomatis |
| When a DR suspects gonorrhea and requests the lab to do a gram stain of urethra discharge, what should the lab look for? | May be seen in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, gram (-) cocci |
| What virus causes genital warts and an increased risk of cervical cancer? | Human papilloma virus |
| What protozoa cause genital infections? | Trichomonas vaginalis |
| Which viruses can cause congenital and newborn infections? | o Cytomegalovirus(CMV) o Herpessimplexvirus(HSV) o HepatitisBvirus o Rubellavirus o Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV) o ParvovirusB19 |
| What bacteria are most likely to cause meningitis in newborns? | -Listeria -E. coli -Group B strep |
| How does one become infected with Toxoplasma? | -Eating undercooked meat thats infected -Eating infected cat feces |
| Which bacteria can cause neonatal eye infections? | -Neisseria gonorrhoeae -Clamydia trachomatis |
| What are 3 different disease courses that the herpes simplex virus can cause in newborns? | -Skin lesions -Encephalitis -Disseminated infection |
| How does the rubella virus cause congenital problems? | The virus inhibits mitosis and doesn't allow the organs to grow |
| Why is it dangerous for pregnant women to have a Listeria infection? | The bacteria can cross the bloodstream/placenta |
| What cells in humans do the malaria parasites infect? | RBCs |
| What are the classic malaria symptoms? | -Chills and fever in regular intervals -Sweating and malaise when fever drops |
| What stage of Plasmodium in the mosquito infects humans? | Sporozoites |
| What stage of Plasmodium in humans infects mosquitos? | Gametocytes |
| Which of the 4 species that cause malaria is the most serious? | P. falciparum |
| Discuss the pathology of a malaria infection? | RBC destruction leading to anemia, Enlarged spleen and liver, capillary occlusions, hemorrhage, anoxia in brain |
| Compare the fever cycle in brucellosis with that in relapsing fever. | In Brucellosis the fever rises and falls everyday (undulating). In relapsing fever the fever lasts for several days, goes away for about a week and then returns again. |
| Describe the 2 types of plague. | -Bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes and forms lumps (not spread person to person. -Pneumonic plague affects the lungs (can be spread person to person) |
| What tissue does the Trichinella larvae infect? | Skeletal muscle |
| How does man acquire hydatid cyst disease? | Ingesting eggs |
| What tapeworm causes hydatid cysts disease? | Echinococcus granulosus |
| In what tissue does Trypanosoma cruzi cause the most serious problems? | Muscle cells of myocardium |
| Describe the 3 eye diseases cause by Clamydia trachomatis? | -Neonatal conjunctivitis -Inclusion conjunctivitis in adults -Trachoma |
| What free-living amoeba can cause a potentially serious eye infection? | Acanthamoeba |
| Describe the signs and symptoms of mumps? | Swelling in the parotid glands -Orchitis in males -Meningitis |
| In what cells does the Epstein-Barr virus remain latent? (causes infectious mono) | B-lymphocytes |
| Compare the 2 forms of Dengue infection. | -Dengue fever= high fever, self-limiting, severe pain in muscles and head -Dengue hemorrhagic fever= reinfection causing hyper-immune response, shock (possibly death) |
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