Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Neurology Chapter 13
Motor system 3, Brainstem and Basal Ganglia
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pyramidal motor tracts | -Corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract -Straight from Cortex to brainstem |
| Extrapyramidal tracts | -Comes from basal ganglia or cerebellum -Deal with facilitatory, inhibitory, and/or regulation of the motor functions |
| Corticospinal tract | -Pyramidal motor tract -From motor and pre-motor cortex and passes THROUGH the brainstem. |
| Corticobulbar tract | -Comes from motor and pre-motor cortex and goes to the brainstem and fuses with other neurons. |
| Red Nucleus | Nucleus in mid brain, that relays info - Part of the extrapyramidial Rubrocerebellar Tract |
| Anatomy of the Reticular Formation | Diffuse Core of Neurons From Caudal Diencephalon to Spinal Cord Network of Overlapping Dendrites and Axons |
| Where does the Reticular Formation receive input from? | Recieves Input From the: Motor Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Cranial Motor Neurons |
| Function of the Reticular Formation | Important for: 1. Arousal 2. Tonal Modulation 3. Pain Processing 4. Muscle Tone Regulation - Maintains Balance of Stimulation 5. Regulation of: -Vomiting -Coughing -Cardiovascular Functions -Respiration -Speech Functions |
| Four Columns of the reticular formation | 1. Precerebellar reticular nuclei 2. Raphe nuclei 3. Lateral group 4. Central group |
| Functions of an anencephalic child | -Eat -Swallow -Suck -Vomit -Expel food -Breath -Cry -Yawn -Awken -Sleep |
| Facilitatory Reticular Areas | -Upper and Lateral Brainstem -Increases Muscle Tone in Extremities |
| Inhibitory Reticular Areas | -Lower and Medial Region of Medulla -Decreases Muscle Tone in Extremities |
| Results of a disconnection of cortex and basal ganglia from reticular formation | -Would still have reflexes b/c reflex loop is in spinal cord -Decerebrate Rigidity: Extensor posturing of all Limbs because of excessive facilitatory impulses -If transection Below Vestibular Nucleus it results in Flaccid Paralysis |
| Components of the Basal Ganglia | - Caudate Nucleus - Putamen - Globus Pallidus |
| Functions of the Basal Ganglia | Modify cortically initiated motor movements e.g. speech |
| Subthalamic Nucleus | take and send neurons to and from the Basil Ganglia |
| Substantia Nigra | important for sending dopamine (neuro transmitter) to the basal ganglia |
| Results of Basal Ganglia Impairment | 1. Involuntary Motor Movements 2. Bradykinesia or Hypokinesia 3. Altered Posture 4. Changes in Muscle Tone 5. Implicate Neurotransmitters 6. All Result in Dysarthria and Dysphagia 7. Parkinson’s Disease 8. Huntington’s Disease |
| Lenticular Nucleus | Term that refers to the Putamen and Globus Pallidus collectively |
| Neostriatum or Striatum | -Term that refers to the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen collectively -usually effected in parkinson disease |
| Pallidum | -Term that refers to the Globus Pallidus |
| 3 Major neuro-transmitters in the Basil Ganglia | 1. Dopamine 2. Acetylcholine 3. Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid |
| Dopamine | -An inhibitory Neurotransmitter -Produced in the substantia nigra and secreted in the striatum |
| Acetylcholine | -Facilitatory/Inhibitory Neurotransmitter |
| Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid | -GABA Regulates Adjacent Structures e.g. thalamus |
| Athetosis | -Involuntary slow writhing (twisting) movement of limbs -Varying degrees of hypertonia (excessive tone) -Usually seen in lesions of the globus pallidus |
| Ballism | -Violent Forceful Flinging of Arms and Legs -Unilateral (hemiballism) -Most violent form of dyskinesia (movement disorder) -Usually associated with lesions in the sub-thalamic nucleus -Can be seen in Huntington's patients |
| Chorea | -Series of rhythmic involuntary movements -Predominantly in the distal extremities and muscles of the face, tongue, and pharynx -Patients with this dsorder will always have dysarthria and dysphagia -Almost always seen in Huntington’s patients |
| Sydenham’s Chorea | - Occurs around 5-13 years of age) - Secondary to streptococcal infection - Not very common |
| Dyskinesia | -Generalized Disorder of Involuntary and Voluntary Movement -Masked Face (person show little to no facial expressions), Infrequent Blinking, Slow Movement, Disturbed Equilibrium, Stooped Posture, Impaired Speech, Impaired Swallowing |
| Tremors | -Alternating Movement of Opposing Muscles -Resting tremors in basal ganglia disorders -As opposed to Intentional Tremor in cerebellar disorders |
| Bradykinesia | -Slow beginning or inability to initiate a movement |
| Akinesia | Slow beginning or inability to initiate a movement |
| Sign of Parkinson’s Disease | -Tremor at Rest -Cogwheel Muscular Rigidity -Bradykinesia -Akinesia -Shuffling Gate -Expressionless Face -Flexed Posture Hyperkenetic Dysarthria -30% have Cognitive Involvement (dementia or cognitive decline) |
| Hyperkenetic Dysarthria | slow movement with lots of tremmor |
| Who is Parkinson's Disease named after? | - first described in 1817 by James Parkinson |
| Causes of Parkinson's Disease | Caused by Lack of Dopamine (An inhibitor for function) |
| Medications to given to treat Parkinson's Disease | -L-Dopa or Other Dopamine Enhancers -Prolonged L-Dopa Tx can result in tardive dyskinesia |
| Tardive dyskinesia | -Increased facial and lingual movements -Can be a result of too much L-Dopa treatments (Dopamine treatments) -Secondary to Chlorpromazine and Haloperidol (psychiatric drugs) |
| Huntington’s Chorea | -1872, George Huntington -Heredity, Adult Onset, Cognitive Loss -Autosomal Dominant -5 in 100,000 prevalence -Found in more isolated areas -Equal in Men and Women -Due to loss of Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in Caudate Nucleus |
Created by:
aramos139
Popular Speech Therapy sets