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Science 2014 final
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Scientific method | an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information |
Observation | information obtained through one's eyes |
Theory | well-tested explanation for a set of observations |
Law | a statement accepted as true that describes phenomena |
Matter | anything that has mass and volume |
Elements | susbtances made of one kind of atom |
Atomic # | number of protons in the nucleus |
Isotopes | same element with a different number of neutrons |
Element cloud | a space where electrons can be found |
Pure substances | inclue elements and compounds |
Compounds | two or more atoms joined in a certain ratio |
Mixture | more than one substance in no particular ratio |
Viscosity | tendency of a liquid to resist flowing |
Conductivity | able to allow heat to flow |
Malleability | ability to be hammered into sheets |
Hardness | resistance to being scratches |
Flammability | ability to burn |
Reactivity | how a substance combines with other substance |
Solid | definite shape definite volume |
Liquids | definite volume and take shape of their contanier |
Gas | no shape no volume |
Plasma | electrically charged particles found at extremely high temps |
Length | measurement of the extent of something |
Volume | amount of space that an object takes up |
Mass | amount of matter in an object |
Temperature | measure of the average kinetic energy |
Density | the amount of mass per unit of volume less dense=float more dense=sink |
Periodic table arrangement | increasing atomic # |
Period | horizontal row of elements |
Family | columns of elements |
Metals | good heat conductors shiny dutile(can be stretched into thin wires) malleable |
Non-metals | poor conductors not malleable or futile brittle dull gases |
Metalloids | solid shiny or dull can conduct heat but not as good as metals\ ductile and malleable |
Valence electrons | electrons in the outer energy leval |
Core electrons | those electrons in the energy level below the valence electrons |
Octet rule | 8 in outer level is stable |
Duet rule | hydrogen and helium only need two outer valence electrons |
Ionic bond | transfer of electrons |
Covalent bond | sharing of electrons |
Solution | a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances mixed evenly through out |
Solute | substance being dissolved |
Solvent | substance that does the dissolving |
Affects the rate of the solutions | heat crush stir |
Unsaturated | not enough solute |
Saturated | the right amount of solute |
Supersaturated | too much solute |
Acids | sour reactions with metals PH of 1-6 |
Base | bitter slippery feel PH of 8-14 |
Distance | the length of the path between two point |
Displacement | the length in a straight line from starting point to the end |
Speed | the ration of distance an object moves |
Acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes |
Gravity | 9.8 m/s^2 |
Terminal velocity | the highest velocity that can be reached by a falling object |
Force | a push or a pull |
Friction | a force opposing motion types: static sliding rolling fluid |
Gravity | a property of all matter |
First law of motion | all matter has the property of intertia |
Second law of motion | F=MxA |
Third law of motion | action/reaction |
Weight | the pull of gravity on mass |
Energy | the ability to do work |
Mechanical energy | sum of its kinetic and potential energy |
Kinetic energy | energy of motion |
Potential energy | stored energy |
Energy conversion | changing energy from one form to another |
The Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created or destroyed |
Heat | transfer of thermal energy |
Specific heat | amount of heat need to rise the temp |
Conduction | heat transfer through objects that are touching |
Convection | heat transfer through a fluid medium |
Radiation | heat transfer through a form of waves |
Law of thermodynamics | 1. all heat energy in a system is conserved 2. Heat travels from hot to cold 3.abso;ute value cannot be reached |
Waves | a rhythmic disturbance that transfers energy |
Crest | high points in a transverse wave |
Trough | low points in a transverse wave |
Wavelength | the distance from crest to crest or trough to trough |
Frequency | the number of crest to pass a loin in one second |
Reflection | a wave strikes a barrier and is bounced back |
Refraction | the bending of light waves as they travel from one medium to another |
Opaque object | transmits no light |
Transparent | transmits all light |
translucent | transmits some light |
Cell theory | 1. all living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic units of structure and function 3. all cells come from other cells |
Cells | basic unit of life |
Eukaryotic | cells that have a nucleus |
passive transport | movement through the cell membrane needs no energy is needed |
active transport | movement through the cell membrane needs energy has to be expanded |
Homeostasis | steady state or balance |
Diffusion | molecules of a solute move from a area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
Osmosis | molecules of a solute move from a area of low concentration to an area of high concentration |
Plasmosis | water diffuses out of a cell and turgor pressure is lost |
Turgor pressure | a tern used to describe water pressure within a cell |
Cytolysis | when cells swell because water pressure in the cell is too great |
Photosynthesis | the process that plants use to capture light energy from the sun and use it to make their own food C02+H20-------->C6H12O6+O2 |
Respiration | when energy is obtained by a breakdown of food molecules C6H12O6+02-------->CO2+H20+ATP |
Mitosis | a cell makes an exact copy of itself 46 chromosomes |
Meiosis | makes copies of itself with 1/2 of its genetic information 23 chromosomes |
Genetics | a study of inheritance |
RNA | ribose adenine pairs with uracil is single stranded |
DNA | deoxyribose adenine pairs with thymine is double stranded |
Alleles | different form of a trait that a gene may have |
Homozygous (pure bread) | an organism with two alleles that are the same |
Heterozygous (hybrid) | an organism with two different alleles |
Phenotype | a physical trait |
Genotype | a gene that we inherit from are parents |
Punnett square | a tool used to predict the possible genotypes for the offspring |
Pedigree charts | a family history of a genetic condition |
Charles darwin | Who wrote Origin of Species? |
Evolution | A change over time |
Gregor Mendel | Father of genetics |
Pea plants | Gregor Mendel cross pollinated these... |
Fossils | Any evidence that lived long ago |
classifying organisms | What is taxonomy? |
Classification levels | Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
Homo Sapiens | two named classification |
Ecology | the study of the relationships among organisms and their environment |
Organism | an individual living thing |
Population | a group of the same species that lives in one area |
Community | a group of different species that live in one area |
Ecosystem | includes all of the organism as well as the climate soil water rocks and other nonliving things in a given ecosystem |
Biome | a major regional or global community of organisms characterized by the climate conditions and plant communities that thrive there |
1.Cells 2. Tissues 3. Organs 4. Organ Systems | levels of organization |
Respiratory System | what systems function is tobring in oxygen and revoke waste? |
Circulatory System | what systems function is to pump oxygen rich blood to the cells? |
Immune System | what systems function is to fight disease? |
Excretory System | what systems function is to remove chemical waste? |
Digestive System | what systems function is to take the food you eat and make it into nutrients? |
Skeletal System | what systems function is to give shape and support to the body, produce red blood cells, stores minerals, and protect organs and soft tissues? |
Muscular System | what systems function is to control movement? |
Endocrine System | what systems function is to control many daily activity? |
Reproductive System | what systems function is to reproduce offspring |