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Ch. 21
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Montesquieu | Wrote Spirit of Laws Described England’s system of government with three branches Ideas influenced the US Constitution |
Copernicus | Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres First to propose the Heliocentric Theory |
Heliocentric | The sun is at the center of the universe All the planets revolve around the sun in circular orbits Earth rotates on an axis |
Deism | Religion based on reason and natural law |
Descartes | Wrote Discourse on Method “I think, therefore I am” meaning that only the fact that was beyond doubt was his own existence Mind and matter must be completely separate so that matter could be investigates |
Romantic Movement | Opponent criticized philosophers for ignoring their feelings and emotions leading to a new school of thought |
Salons | Gatherings hosted by wealthy women where authors and philosophers would discuss their new ideas |
Scientific Method | A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence |
Rousseau | Romantic philosopher who wrote The Social Contract, which states that people must agree to be governed by the general will, or what is best for the entire community |
Metaphysics | The idea that there are two separate worlds, one that can be known through the use of logic and reason and another that can be known through the use of feelings and emotions |
Adam Smith | Said government had three roles in The Wealth of Nations: protect society from invasion, defend citizens from injustice, and to maintain necessary public works such as roads and canals |
Inductive Reasoning | Basis of the scientific method; proceeds from particular observations to general conclusions |
Voltaire | Criticized Christianity, believed in religious toleration, championed freedom of speech |
Laissez-faire | Argues that government should leave the economy alone |
Newton | Explained three laws of motion including the universal law of gravitation to explain all motion in the universe |
Kepler | Formulated laws of planetary motion that supported Heliocentric Theory but also proved that the shape of planets’ orbits was elliptical rather than circular |