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Chapter 21 Quiz
World History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Montesquieu | •Wrote Spirit of the Laws (1748) •Described England’s system of gov. as Executive Branch, Legislative Branch, Judicial •Separation of powers & Checks and Balances -Ideas influenced the US Constitution |
| Heliocentric Theory | theory that the sun was at the center of the universe first discovered by copernicus |
| Copernicus | -first proposed the Heliocentric Theory-Thought the Earth rotated on an axis-wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" to explain theories |
| Kepler | laws of planetary motion that supported Heliocentric Theory but also proved that the shape of the orbits was elliptical (oval) rather than circular |
| Newton | Mathematical Principals of Nature Philosophy (Principia) explain the three laws of motion including the universal law of gravitation to explain all motion in the universe;saw the universe as a well regulated machine |
| Harvey | showed that the heart pump blood through the arteries and veins |
| Scientific Method | a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing data |
| Inductive Reasoning | basis of the scientist method; proceeds from particular observations to general conclusions |
| Scientific Revolution | was a new way to look at the universe when scientist challenged the ideas the authority figures and used the used the scientific to develop new theories |
| Adam Smith | Wrote "The Wealth of Nations" said government had three roles: (1) Protect society from invasion (2) Defend citizens from injustice (3) Maintain necessary public works such as roads and canals |
| Metaphysics | The idea that there are two separate worlds, one that can be known through the use of logic and reason and another that can be known through the use of feelings and emotions |
| Rousseau | a Romantic philosopher who wrote The Social Contract,which states that people must agree to be governed by the general will, or what is best for the entire community |
| Salons | Wealthy women hosted gatherings known where authors and philosophers would discuss their new ideas |
| Voltaire | •Criticized Christianity •Believed in religious toleration •Believed in deism, a religion based on reason and natural law •Championed freedom of Speech: “I may not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to thele death your right to say it.” |
| Laissez-faire | argues that government should leave the economy alone |
| Vesalius | worked in anatomy disproved that of the ancient Greek physician, Galen |
| Romantic Movement | led to Fascism (instinct over reason); people should be more concerned with their emotions instead of reason |
| Descartes | Wrote: Discourse on Method “I think therefore I am” meaning that the only fact was beyond doubt of his own exist Concluded that mind and matter must be completely separate so that matter could be investigated independently by reason |
| The Enlightenment | •Philosophers looked for natural laws governing human behavior•Goal was to apply reason and the Scientific Method everyday life•Believed in: reason, natural laws, progress, and liberty•Argued against:slavery,torture,censorship, divine rights |
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