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Fisher US History
US History Regents Review Full Year
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A representative form of government where citizens elect their leaders and lawmakers. | Democracy |
| Document written by the Second Continental Congress to inform England that the American colonies intended to become independent. Approved July 4, 1776. | Declaration of Independence |
| 1775-1781 War between England and the United States to gain US freedom from British colonialism. | Revolutionary War |
| First written plan of government for the US. | Articles of Confederation |
| Second written plan of government for the US. Still in place today with 27 amendments added. | Constitution |
| Term for the separation of government power into levels with the national government being the most powerful level, then states, then governments. | Federalism |
| Term for dividing the powers of government into three equal branches. | Separation of powers |
| Branch of government that makes laws. | Legislative |
| Branch of government that enforces laws. | Executive |
| Branch of government that interprets laws. | Judicial |
| Head of the Executive Branch. | President |
| Highest court in the Judicial Branch. | Supreme Court |
| Common name for the Legislative Branch. | Congress |
| Branch of Congress which has two law makers from every state. | Senate |
| Branch of Congress where the number of lawmakers per state depends on the state's population. | House of Representatives |
| Population count done every ten years for the purpose of determining representation of states in the House of Representatives. | Census |
| System used to ensure that no one branch of government becomes too powerful. Branches limit each other's powers. | Checks and balances |
| Right of the people to rule themselves. | Popular Sovereignty |
| Powers specifically given to each branch as written in the Constitution. | Delegated powers |
| Powers given only to the states. | Reserved powers |
| Powers not written in the Constitution but used by each branch, often due to a precedent being set. | Implied powers |
| Nickname used for the flexible power of the Legislative Branch to make whatever laws are "necessary and proper" | Elastic clause |
| Role of the President when acting as head of all US military. | Commander in Chief |
| Role of the President when enforcing laws and issuing executive orders. | Chief Executive |
| Process used to elect the President. | Electoral college |
| Job of the Supreme Court to decide if a law is unconstitutional. | Judicial Review |
| 1803 Court case when the Supreme Court first practiced Judicial Review. | Marbury v Madison |
| Length of term of office for a Supreme Court judge. | Life |
| Compromise made during the writing of the Constitution to determine how states would be represented in Congress. | Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) |
| 1787 Compromise to determine how slaves would be counted in the census used to determine states' representation in the House of Representatives. | Three-Fifths Compromise |
| Group of people who favored ratifying the Constitution as it was written with a strong central government. | Federalists |
| Group of people who opposed ratifying the Constitution as it was written, fearing central government was too strong and would take away people's rights. | Anti-Federalists |
| Series of papers written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison encouraging ratification of the Constitution. | Federalist Essays |
| Name for the first 10 amdendments added to the Constitution to protect people's rights. | Bill of Rights |
| 1823 US foreign policy warning European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere and not try to re-establish colonies. | Monroe Doctrine |
| The belief that the borders of America should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific. | Manifest Destiny |
| Law passed to encourage settling of the West by offering 160 acres free to settlers willing to farm the land for 5 years. | Homestead Act |
| 1830 Act forcing Native Americans to give up their land and move west of the Mississippi River. | Indian Removal Act |
| 1831 Supreme Court case decision that the court did not have jurisdiction over cases involving Indian nations so it could not be heard. | Cherokee Nation v. Georgia |
| 1832 Supreme Court case decision that people did NOT have to have a license to live on a reservation. Georgia ignored the ruling. | Worcester v. Georgia |
| Lands set aside for the sole use of Native Americans | Reservations |
| 1887 law passed to attempt to "Americanize" native Americans by offering them land and American citizenship in exchange for abandoning their tribal life. | Dawes Act |
| Sense of pride in and belonging to your country. | Nationalism |
| Sense of loyalty to the part of the country where you live. | Sectionalism or Regionalism |
| Major issue that caused sectionalism before the Civil War. | Slavery |
| 1820 Compromise that banned slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase. | Missouri Compromise |
| Compromise that admitted California as a free state and allowed residents of New Mexico and Arizona to decide the issue of slavery based on popular sovereignty. | Compromise of 1850 |
| 1854 Act that overturned Missouri Compromise and allowed citizens of Kansas and Nebraska to decide the issue of slavery based on popular sovereignty. | Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| Violent confrontations that occured when pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups went to Kansas to vote on the issue of slavery. | Bleeding Kansas |
| 1857 Supreme Court case decision that African Americans were not citizens and not protected by the Constitution. | Dred Scott v. Sandford |
| Slave who appealed to the Supreme Court for freedom after living with his owners in areas where slavery was illegal. | Dred Scott |
| Abolitionist who led a raid on a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859 order to start a slave rising. | John Brown |
| 1861-1865 war between the northern states (Union) and the southern states (Confederacy) after several slave states seceded. | Civil War |
| 1863 document signed by President Lincoln freeing slaves who lived in the Confederate states. | Emancipation Proclamation |
| People who are opposed to slavery. | Abolitionists |
| 1865 amendment that ended slavery. | Thirteenth amendment |
| 1865-1877 period of time after the Civil War focused on reuniting the country and strengthening the Union. | Reconstruction |
| President of the US during the Civil War. | Lincoln |
| People who wanted to punish the South after the Civil War. | Radical Republicans |
| Laws restricting the freedom of freed slaves after the Civil War and the passage of the 13th amendment. | Black Codes |
| Farming system in the South after the Civil War where blacks would live on and farm land owned by whites in exchange for a portion of the crops. | Sharecropping or Tenant Farming |
| Forgiveness (Lincoln followed this ideal when he chose to forgive the South for seceding from the Union and causing the Civil War). | Amnesty |
| 1868 amendment which made blacks citizens and guaranteed due process and equal protection under the law for all citizens. | Fourteenth amendment |
| 1870 amendment granting eligible black males the right to vote. | Fifteenth amendment |
| Tests used to limit blacks right to vote by requiring proof of their ability to read and write. | Literacy tests |
| Taxes charged to voters in an attempt to restrict blacks from voting. | Poll taxes |
| Clause allowing white men to vote even if they were illiterate and could not pay the poll tax as long as their ancestors were legally able to vote. | Grandfather clause |
| Laws designed to segregate blacks from whites in the south. | Jim Crow Laws |
| 1896 court case upholding segregation in public places as long as facilities were "seperate but equal". | Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Growth of industry. | Industrialization |
| Growth of cities. | Urbanization |
| Belief that monopolies deserved to exist because their owners were better businessmen than the competitors they shut down. | Social Darwinism |
| Idea that government should not interfere with business practices. | Laissez-faire |
| Wealthy monopolist who owned the Standard Oil Company. | John D. Rockefeller |
| Belief in the superiority of one's own culture/citizenship, causing negative reactions and hostility towards immigrants. | Nativism |
| Ability to adapt and fit in to a new culture. | Assimilation |
| 1882 law passed to restrict immigration from China. | Chinese Exclusion Act |
| 1907 law passed to restrict immigration from Japan. | Gentleman's Agreement |
| 1921 law designed to severely limit immigration after WWI. | Emergency Quota Act |
| 1924 law designed to limit immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe and favor immigrants from Northern and Western Europe. | National Origins Act |
| April-July 1898 conflict between US and Spain over control of Cuba. | Spanish American War |
| Newspaper reporting designed to exaggerate violence in Cuba in an attempt to convince Americans that action should be taken. | Yellow journalism |
| American ship which sank in the Havana harbor of Cuba, Spain blamed for the sinking of this ship which increased American belief in the necessity of attacking the Spanish in Cuba. | USS Maine |
| 1899 policy designed to allow US trade access to China. | Open Door Policy |
| Areas of China where countries had exclusive trading rights. | Spheres of Influence |
| 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine which changed US role in Latin America from protector to police presence, greatly resented by Latin American nations. | Roosevelt Corollary |
| President Teddy Roosevelt's policy threatening US intervention in belligerant Latin American nations. | Big Stick Policy |
| Large corporations which eliminated all competition. | Monopolies or Trusts |
| People who exposed the corruption of monopolies and government through books, articles, photographs, etc. | Muckrakers |
| President known for being a trustbuster and an environmental conservationist during the Progressive Era. | Teddy Roosevelt |
| Act which outlawed any form of business that limited interstate trade. | Sherman Anti-trust Act |
| Act which outlawed any businesses practices that eliminated competition. | Clayton Anti-trust Act |
| Government organization created to enforce anti-trust laws. | Federal Trade Commission |
| Muckraker who wrote "The Jungle" about the meat packing industry and its danger to consumers. | Upton Sinclair |
| Book written by Upton Sinclair to expose the terrible condition of the meat packing industry. | The Jungle |
| Law which requires the accurate labeling of ingredients in food and medicines. | Pure Food and Drug Act |
| Muckraker who took photographs and wrote "How the Other Half Lives" to expose the terrible living conditions of tenement housing. | Jacob Riis |
| Muckraker who exposed the abusive business practices of the Standard Oil Company. | Ida Tarbell |
| The buildup of armed forces in preparation for war before WWI. | Militarism |
| Military agreements between countries who promise to defend each other (provide collective security). | Alliances |
| Pride in one's country. | Nationalism |
| Archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated in 1914, one cause of WWI. | Franz Ferdinand |
| Nickname for the tension between Russia and the Ottoman Empire over control of Serbia and Bulgaria. | Balkan Powderkeg |
| German practice of sinking all ships within a designated area off the coast of Europe without warning or provocation. | German unrestricted submarine warfare |
| Primary reason for US involvement in WWI. | Protection of freedom of the seas |
| US President during WWI who proposed 14 points to reestablish peace after the war. | Woodrow Wilson |
| Woodrow Wilson's ideas for peace after WWI. | Fourteen Points |
| 1919 Supreme Court case; decision was that free speech can be restricted if it creates a clear and present danger. | Schenck v. US |
| 1917 law making it illegal to interfere with the draft. | Espionage Act |
| 1918 law making it illegal to say anything disloyal to the US. | Sedition Act |
| Treaty ending WWI. | Treaty of Versailles |
| Peace-keeping organization created after WWI that the United States did NOT join. | League of Nations |
| Country that was blamed in the Treaty of Versailles for causing WWI and made to pay reparation money for damages caused during the war. | Germany |
| Fascist German dictator who came to power after WWI. | Hitler |
| Policy of avoiding involvment in the problems of other nations. | Neutrality |
| Period of time when alcohol was illegal. | Prohibition |
| Movement to end the manufacturing, distribution, sale, and consumption of alcohol. | Temperence Movement |
| 1919 amendment which made alcohol illegal. | Eighteenth amendment |
| 1933 amendment which repealed Prohibition. | Twenty-first amendment |
| Nickname for the 1920's due to changes in culture, attitude, etc. | Roaring Twenties |
| Cultural movement in New York City led by black authors, musicians, and artists. | Harlem Renaissance |
| Well known Harlem Renaissance author whose writings promoted black pride. | Langston Hughes |
| Civil rights leader who proposed blacks achieve equality with whites through vocations and work effort. | Booker T. Washington |
| Civil rights leader who proposed blacks would achieve equality with whites through higher education. | W.E.B. DuBois |
| Amendment which granted women the right to vote. | Nineteenth amendment |
| Term meaning "right to vote". | Suffrage |
| Nickname for those who worked to achieve the right to vote for women. | Suffragettes |
| Famous suffragettes. | Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton |
| Fear of communism in the US. | Red Scare |
| 1929-1939 worst economic collapse in US history. | Great Depression |
| Investing in high risk stocks. | Speculation |
| Producing too many goods, causing a drop in prices. | Overproduction |
| System where stocks (part ownership of corporations) are bought and sold. | Stock Market |
| President who proposed "Trickle Down" theory to end Great Depression and who supported individual initiative in solving economic crisis. | Herbert Hoover |
| President who proposed a "New Deal" to end the Great Depression. | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Supreme Court case declaring FDR's National Recovery Administration unconsitutional. | Schechter Poultry Corporation v. US |
| FDR's plan to add one additional Supreme Court justice for every justice over the age of 70, designed to limit Court's opposition to New Deal policies. | Court Packing Plan |
| 1933 Policy designed to improve relations between US and Latin America by reducing intervention and increasing trade. | Good Neighbor Policy |
| Taxes on imports. | Tariffs |
| WWII Military alliance between Germany, Italy, and Japan. | Axis |
| Law passed by Congress to sell military supplies to Allied nations at the start of WWII. | Cash and Carry Act |
| Law passed to loan or rent military supplies to Allied nations at the start of WWII. | Lend-Lease Act |
| American naval base in Hawaii bombed by the Japanese December 7, 1941. | Pearl Harbor |
| Type of bombs dropped by US on Japan to end WWI. | Atomic |
| 1944 Supreme Court case that decided the relocation of Japanese-Americans was a reasonable action during WWII. | Korematsu v. US |
| 1945-1990 conflict between the US and Soviet Union over political differences and actions. | Cold War |
| Communist nation involved in 45 year conflict with US after WWII. | Soviet Union |
| Periods of improved relationships between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. | Detente |
| Effort by the US and Soviet Union to build up weapons stockpiles during the Cold War. | Arms race |
| Efforts by the US and Soviet Union to launch satellites to gain control of space. | Space Race |
| First satellite; succesfully launched by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. | Sputnik |
| Efforts to prevent the spread of communism. | Containment |
| Containment policy which gave money to Greece and Turkey to help them resist Soviet aggression. | Truman Doctrine |
| Containment policy which gave money to European nations to rebuild after WWII and to assist them in resisting Soviet aggresion. | Marshall Plan |
| Effort by the Soviet Union to block off the city of Berlin to prevent Allied efforts to bring supplies to the people of the city. | Berlin Blockade |
| Fifteen month effort by the US to sustain the people of Berlin by flying over and dropping needed supplies. | Berlin Airlift |
| Mutual defense agreement between the US, Canada, and several European nations. | NATO |
| Military agreement between the Soviet Union and its satellite nations in Eastern Europe. | Warsaw Pact |
| Principle of mutual military assistance. | Collective security |
| 1950-1950 Conflict between North and South Korea over the expansion of communism. | Korean War |
| Term for the effort to stop the spread of communism. | Containment |
| Role of the President as head of all armed forces. | Commander in Chief |
| Senator who led a "hunt" for communists in the US after WWII. | Joseph McCarthy |
| House of Representatives committee created to investigate people charged with disloyalty to the US. | House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) |
| Married couple executed for passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg |
| Man investigated and sentenced to jail for being a Soviet spy. | Alger Hiss |
| Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson by declaring segregation in schools unconstitutional. | Brown v. Board of Education |
| Arkansas governor who refused to enforce Brown v. Board of Ed. Supreme Court decision and allow integration. | Faubus |
| Eisenhower's concern that if one Southeast Asian nation fell under the control of communism, they may all fall. | Domino Theory |
| Communist leader of Vietnam 1945-1965. | Ho Chi Minh |
| 1964 resolution passed by Congress to allow President Johnson to take all necessary measures to prevent communist takeover of South Vietnam. | Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
| 1960-1963 President known for promoting civil rights for blacks and world peace efforts through the Peace Corps. | John F Kennedy |
| 1961 unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro, communist dictator of Cuba. | Bay of Pigs Invasion |
| 1962 Cold War event, Soviet Union built missile silos on the island of Cuba, US demands they be removed. | Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Structure built to divide the city of Berlin between communist East Berlin and democratic West Berlin. | Berlin Wall |
| Supreme Court Chief Justice known for decisions that advanced civil rights. | Earl Warren |
| Supreme Court case making illegally seized evidence inadmissable in court. | Mapp v. Ohio |
| Supreme Court case providing a lawyer for defendants who can't afford one. | Gideon v. Wainright |
| Supreme Court case allowing a suspect to have a lawyer present during questioning. | Escobedo v. Illinois |
| Supreme Court case requiring law enforcement officials to inform suspects of their legal rights before questioning. | Miranda v. Arizona |
| Civil rights leader who advocated acts of civil disobedience in the effort to achieve equal rights for blacks. | Martin Luther King, Jr. |
| Black civil rights leader who opposed integration and encouraged black nationalism. | Malcolm X |
| Refusal of people to ride buses in Montgomery, Alabama after the arrest of Rosa Parks to force bus company to desegragate. | Mongtgomery Bus Boycott |
| Act which banned different voter standards for blacks and whites, discrimination in public places, and discrimination by employers and unions. | Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
| Purpose of organizations including NAACP, CORE, SCLC, and SNCC. | Promote and protect civil rights for blacks. |
| Organization of blacks who supported black nationalism and engaged in violent encounters with the police in the 1960's. | Black Panthers |
| Lyndon Johnson's program to combat poverty in the US. | Great Society |
| 1973 Supreme Court case legalizing abortion. | Roe v. Wade |
| Farm worker/labor leader/ civil rights activist for Latin Americans who organized the United Farm Workers Union. | Cesar Chavez |
| 1990 law passed making it illegal to discriminate against disabled persons. | Americans with Disabilities Act |
| Government organization created to ensure safe, healthy working conditions. | OSHA |
| Government organization created to protect the environment. | EPA |
| Talks held between the US and Soviet Union to limit quantity of nuclear defense weapons. | S.A.L.T |
| "Thawing out" of relations between the US and Soviet Union. Periods of decreased hostility and increased cooperation between the countries. | Detente |
| 1972 event involving Richard Nixon in a political scandal and resulting in his resignation. | Watergate Scandal |
| President who resigned because of his role in the Watergate Scandal and the likelhood of his being impeached. | Richard Nixon |
| Vote by the House of Representatives to conduct a trial against a president. | Impeachment |
| 1973 law limiting the president's ability to send troops into combat. Law requires president to inform Congress of deployment within 48 hours and requires troops to be returned home within 60 days if approval is not given | War Powers Act |
| 1978 peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, facilitated by President Carter. | Camp David Accords |
| 1980-1987 Conservative president who was anti-abortion and pro-prayer in school. | Ronald Reagan |
| Nickname for President Reagan's economic plan to reduce taxes and increase military spending. | Reaganomics |
| 1986 scandal involving illegal sale of weapons to Iran and use of money from sales to support Contra freedom fighters in Nicaragua. | Iran-Contra Affair |
| Structure torn down in 1989 signalling the symbolic end of the Soviet Union. | Berlin Wall |
| 1991 war between UN nations and Iraq over Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East. | Persian Gulf War |
| Organization created in 1992 to increase trade between US, Canada, and Mexico. | NAFTA |
| President impeached in 1998 for lying under oath and obstructing justice related to an affair with a White House intern. | Bill Clinton |
| President who won a controversial election in 2000 by winning the electoral college vote over candidate Al Gore's popular vote victory. | George W. Bush |
| Al Qaeda terrorist who planned the Sept. 11th, 2000 attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. | Osama bin Laden |
| Former dictator of Iraq tried and hanged for committing crimes against humanity after his capture by US forces in 2003. | Saddam Hussein |
| Law passed in 2001 by President Bush giving broad powers to government to intercept and obstruct acts of terrorism. | Patriot Act |
| New cabinet department created after Sept. 11th, 2000 to protect the US from future terrorist attacks. | Department of Homeland Security |
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