made by Board of Trade- prevent smuggling, regulated overseas trade, said all goods coming to America had to go through Britain first
Molasses Act
added duty to molasses to prevent US trade with French West Indies, turned many traders into smugglers
French and Indian War (Seven Years War)
war fought over trading rights with Indians for fur and land in the west, French blocked British westward expansion, France lost (though they were winning during most of the war)
General Edward Braddock
detested leader of British and American Army (during F & I War), killed in battle of Fort Duquesne
Fort Duquesne
850 French and Indians beat 1,000+ Anglo-American soldiers, Washinton-hero in this battle, shot 4 times
Iroquois Confederacy
tribal confederacy of 6 nations, claimed neutrality in Seven Years War though they ultimately helped the British (because of some Brit. victories in 1758)
Treaty of Paris (1)
ended Seven Years War in 1763, split America up beween the Spanish and British, ignored Indian requests completely
Proclamation of 1763
English gov's policy- created a "racial line" designed to separate colonizers and Native Americans, line not enforced, Chief Pontiac tried to create ban to get British off Indian's land, but it didn't work
George Grenville
chief minister of King George III (England), inherited huge national debt after the war and proposed many taxes in England and America
Revenue Act (Sugar Act)
1764- first major act, reduced tax on French molasses import but added many products to list of goods that can only be sent to England, strengthened courts where violaters of trade acts were prosecuted
Currency Act
1761- limited trade by forbiding NE colonies from issuing more paper money
Stamp Act
1765- required revenue stamps on a lot of goods, weakened US/Britain relations, led to a series of riots led by Ebenezer MacIntosh
Declaratory Act
1766- created after stamp act was repealed, asserted British authority, gave power to Parliament to enact laws for colonies in "all cases whatsoever"
Townshend Act/Duties
Parliament placed duties on paper, lead, painters’ colors, and tea--all repealed but tea, Samuel Adams led riots (asked colonies to agree to non-importation, non-consumption plan)
Quartering Act
1765- required public support for British soldiers still in colonies after Seven Years War
Boston Massacre
British troops fired on heckling citizens who had been bating British troops, only 5 killed
Samuel Adams
leader of Boston radicals, political journalist, British considered him a threat
The Gaspee
British ship, docked in Rhode Island and was attacked by Americans (who wanted revenge), convicted Captain of illegally seizing goods
Tea Act
1773- allowed East India Company to ship tea directly to America; would have helped Americans get cheaper tea, but Americans thought that Britain was creating a monopoly, so US rebelled
Boston Tea Party
in response to Tea Act, Bostonians (dressed as Indians) boarded a tea ship in the harbor and overthrew East India Company's tea into the Boston Harbor
Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)
closed all Boston ports until colonies paid for tea, Cont. Congress formed as a result (in an effort to unite colonies)
First and Second Continental Congress
First CC wanted to unify colonies against British, Second CC- wanted to acheive independence
Olive Branch Petition
request to king to create a postal system, issue paper money, secure neutrality of Indians, and allow building of a hospital---denied
Common Sense
Thomas Paine's pamphlet, easy-to-read, encouraged nation to believe in the possibilties of independence and the creation of stable, new nation
Revolutionary Republicanism
political ideology of colonists- mix of British beliefs and ideas from the Enlightenment
Lord Dunmore
The royal governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore is know for his proclamation in 1775 that offered freedom to all slaves and servants willing to fight in the American Revolution.
Iroquois Six Nations
The Iroquois Six Nations, a confederation of Native Americans, originally began with five Iroquoian tribes that lived between Albany, NY and Ohio. During the American Revolution, the League declared a policy of neutrality, but individual tribes took sides
Continental Congress
The Fist Continental Congress met with the intention of creating a national government and protesting British policies. The Second Continental Congress, which began in 1775, took over basic powers that gov. would have and created the Articles of Confed.
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation, written in 1777, reflect the struggle between those who wanted a strong central government and those who wanted a loose confederation of states. The Articles are a compromise--establish Congress’s power, but also limit it
State Constitutions
In addition to using the Articles of Confederation, individual states created their own constitutions during the war. Though most of the constitutions were typically republican with an elected governor and a two-house legis., some constit. varied- SC + PA
Cherokee raids
In 1776, a band of Cherokees launched raids against the American settlers in what is now Tennessee. These raids are just a small fraction of the Native American attacks against the settlers during wartime, a time when the settlers would be weak
Battle of Saratoga
An important American victory in 1777, the Battle of Saratoga (NY) finished with General Burgoyne and British soldiers’ surrender. This American victory encouraged France to join in to fight against England
Valley Forge
The American troops fought a tough winter (1777-1778) at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania: food, supplies, clothing, and shelter were limited, and Washington’s troops became discouraged. Supply shortage was not uncommon during the war.
War Shifts South
The British troops moved south in 1778 in an effort to gain control there. Their first target was Georgia; the British won as Savannah fell to a seaborne attack.
Charleston surrenders to British
After a victory in Georgia, the British troops moved in to Charleston, South Carolina; the British were able to capture all of the American troops there with very few casualties. After Charleston, the British gained control of much of the South until 1781
John Sullivan
General John Sullivan was an American leader in the Revolution; he’s most known for his raid of the Iroquois county after the British and Iroquois invasions in NY and PA.
Cornwallis
A major general for Great Britain, Cornwallis took part in many of the major battles of the war including the Battle of Long Island (NY), battles in Trenton and Princeton (NJ), and the British occupation in Philadelphia (PA)... fought in NC and Yorktown
Nathanael Greene
Greene, an American leader, was sent to the South in 1780 to lead the continental forces. He fought Cornwallis in North Carolina (1871) and used guerilla warfare to fight the British and their Loyalist allies
Cowpens, South Carolina
American troops won a battle here early in 1781 under the leadership of General Daniel Morgan; there were very few American casualties
Yorktown
The Battle of Yorktown played a decisive role in the American victory. British General Cornwallis surrendered to General Washington in 1871 after realizing that no hope was left (the British, at this point, had been stuck on a peninsula- surrounded by Am.
Treaty of Paris (2)
In 1781, British Commissioner Oswald and American emissaries (Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay) met in Paris along with other countries’ representatives who wanted to weaken Great Britain. The Treaty of Pari- signed in 1783- England rec. indep.
League of Armed Neutrality
This league, created between 1780 and 1782, consisted of Russia, the Netherlands, and six other European countries who wanted to join together to protect their maritime trade from the British
Loyalists
Americans who sided with the British; faced harsh consequences after the war; many states and people still felt animosity towards the Loyalists, and some states put voting and property restrictions on them
King's Commission
Loyalists began in 1783; not particularly useful to the Loyalists though: most only recovered less than a third of their property and possessions
Republican Ideology
republicanism began to be increasingly popular. Revolutionary republicanism--mix of English beliefs, ideas from the Enlightenment and religious awakenings, political equality, rejection of monarchy
Land Ordinance of 1785
provided for systematic survey and sale of the region west of New York and Pennsylvania and north of the Ohio River (grid pattern of land survey and settlement)
Northwest Ordinance
political organization of the Northwest
Land Ordinance of 1787
prohibited the importation of new slaves into the region
Treat of Fort Stanwix 1784
six NA nations made peace, ceded most of their lands to the United States and retreated to small reservation
Robert Morris
appointed superintendent of finance, urged states to stop issuing paper money, secured a Congressional charter for the Bank of North America, and took steps to make federal bonds more attractive to investors
Church and State (Isaac Backus)
argument about separation of Church and State, IB- outspoken Baptist who wanted laws that linked church and state to be repealled (they were in 1833)
1790
almost every state (except South Carolina and Georgia) had completely outlawed slave importations (the fight over the necessity of slavery comtinued)
"Buy American"
idea of boycotting British goods, homespun clothing deemed patriotic, American artisans prospered
1781 Paper Money
counterfeit money produced by Americans looking for a profit and British looking to mess up American money system; US money becomes almost worthless
Shay's Rebellion (1786-1787)
Massachusetts farmers took matter into their own lands when laws were not responsive to their needs, challenged public authority
Federalism
supporters of strong national gov., aristocracy should lead country, property rights to needed to be secured, saw Shay's rebellion as a threat to social order
Grand Convention
gov. attempt at reform, saw revision of Articles of Confederation as necessary, gathered all states to propose reforms
Virginia Plan (Edmund Randolph)- 1779
proposed a bicameral Congress, lower house elected by the people, upper house or senate elected by the lower house from nominees proposed by the senate legislatures, and president be named by Congress, national judiciary, and Council of Revision created
New Jersey Plan (William Patterson)
Congress to tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce, retention of the Articles of Confederation
Great Compromise- July 12
representation in the lower house should be based on the total of each state’s white population plus 3/5 of its blacks
Electoral College
designed to bring only persons of experience and reputation into national office, it is a group of wise and experienced leaders who would meet to choose the president
"Elastic Clauses"
used to expand the federal government’s activities, basically statements in the Articles of Confederation that give the Congress vaguely defined grants of power in the new government (kind of like unlimited power)
Anti-Federalists
believed that republican liberty could be preserved only in small, homogenous societies, wanted to do away with the national government
Federalists Essays
were written to promote ratification in New York but were quickly reprinted by Federalists everywhere (Hamilton, Jay, and Madison)
1788
Constitution ratified
Washington's Inauguration Day
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Bill of Rights
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Hamilton's "Report on Public Credit"
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Hamilton's 2nd "Report on the Public Credit"
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Whiskey Rebellion
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French Revolution
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Citizen Genet
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Jay's Treaty with England
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Act of San Lorenzo
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Washington's Farewell Address
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Election of 1796
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The "XYZ" Affair
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Naturalization Act
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Alien Act
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Alien Enemies Act
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Virginia Resolutions
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the Revolution of 1800
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Judiciary Acts
1789, 1801- act increased the number of circuit courts, encouraged by the Federalists
Samuel Chase
a Republican Supreme Court Justice who the Jeffersonian tried to impeach., part of the Jeffersonian’s attempt to rid the courts of Federalists
Alien and Sedition Act
1798- four separate acts all against the Republican party, went against freedom of speech and stopped foreigners from residing in the US
Marbury v Madison
1803- case establishing judicial review, the courts responsibility to approve executive behavior and congressional laws
Louisiana Purchase
1803- Jefferson sent Monroe to France to buy Louisiana and West
Louis and Clark
1803- Jefferson sent them to explore their new territory in the West.
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture
a group who created agricultural libraries and publications; organized by John Adams.
Land Ordinance of 1785
grid system which provided for surveying and selling of America’s new western land, favored land developmental companies when selling land
War of 1812
1812-1815- US vs. British over British restrictions on American shipping
Emargo Act
forbade American ships from sailing to foreign ports and trading with Europe.
Non-Intercourse Act
1808- replaced the embargo act, only forbade US trade with Britain and France, but allowed trading with the rest of Europe
Monroe Doctrine
1823- Monroe said that there was to be NO colonization in the Americas, he announced that US would only interfere with Europe’s affairs if they attempted to colonize
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819- declared that no state could tax a nationally chartered
Missouri Compromise
1820- Missouri entered statehood as slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state to maintain the balance; in the area north of 36 30’ in Louisiana Territory, slavery was banned
The Corrupt Bargain
in the election of 1824, Adams won because Clay swayed the House to vote Adams because Adams promised to appoint Clay secretary of state.
Erie Canal
last link in a chain of waterways connecting New York City to the Great Lakes and the Northwest, canal with economic and geographic expansion, volume of goods and people it carried cost less, promoted the construction of over 3,000 miles of canals by 1840
Railroads
useable year round unlike canals that freeze; facilitated movement of peoples, goods, and information; drew people into national economy market; could be built basically anywhere; Baltimore and Ohio Railroad built in 1828; strengthened ties btwn NE and MW
Capital Investment
investments by European investors and U.S. interests; importance of mercantile capital and banks, insurance companies in funneling capital to economic enterprises; provided capital to support new economic enterprises; improvements in transportation
abundant natural resources
acquisition of new territories and exploitation and discovery of eastern resources, provided raw materials and energy vital to economic transformation
abundant natural resources
acquisition of new territories and exploitation and discovery of eastern resources, provided raw materials and energy vital to economic transformation
substantial population growth
population increased from 9 million in 1820 to over 30 million in 1860 due to natural increase of population and rising immig. from Ireland and Germany; growth provided workers and consumers necess. for econ. growth; immg increased diversity of workforce
government support
local, state, and national legislation; loans favoring enterprise; judicial enterprise. Government support provided capital, privileges, and supportive climate for economic enterprise; state laws of incorporation by awarding entrep. special privileges
industrialization
new methods of producing goods, with and without involvement of machinery; produced more numerous, cheaper goods for mass market; transformed classes and nature of work; also affected distribution of wealth and individual opportunity
Palmer vs. Mulligan
decided by the New York State Supreme Court in 1805, laid down the principle that property ownership included the right to develop property for business purposes, land was increasingly defined as a productive asset for exploitation
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
series of important Supreme Court decisions between 1819 and 1824 established the basic principle that contracts were binding; in this case, the Court held that a state charter could not be modified unless both parties agreed
Horace Mann
intended to regularize the operation of schools and attract more students to them; pressed for graded schools, uniform curricula, and teacher training; primary education became the rule for most children outside the South between five and nineteen
Environmental consequences
impact of railroads, canals, and boats was harmful; wood-huge demand-used for fuel; transportation encouraged west settlement which in the end promoted forest clearance as indiv. settlers cleared land for crops and cut wood for housing; sawmills, mildams
Millwork
a slight independence and better wages than other occupations open to women., new living situation for women operatives, companies provided quarters for their overseers and housing of male workers and their families
urbanization
rate of urbanization in the US increased; helped New York replace Philadelphia as the country’s largest and most important city; number of urban dwellers grew, as did their needs helped generate economic growth
Philadelphia race riot
racial tensions, riot took place in August of 1834, several hundred white Philadelphians wrecked a building that contained blacks and whites, violence and blood throughout Philadelphia, urban expansion contributed to the racial violence
Police force
1833-Philadelphia develops police force, added a small force to the constable- and- watch system, too few cops…later, rowdiness, violence and riots would convince residents and city officials in Philadelphia to support a quasi-military, preventive police
Black Underclass
1830s- PA, CT, and NJ disenfranchised blacks; NY allowed only those with three years residence and property valued at $250 or more to vote. Only New England states, which had small population of blacks, preserved the right to vote regardless of color
farming
1830s -eastern farmers sought new agricultural opportunities (from better transportation and growing urban markets); transportation prompted farmers to become specialized farming; new economic conditions
cash crop
main production of specific goods to gain prosperity; in the South, the cash crops were mainly cotton and tobacco
cotton gin
dramatic technological breakthrough, which tied southern economy to cotton production for a century; allowed the expansion of slavery into vast new territories
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin in 1793; was also a teacher on a plantation in Georgia
Slave Trade
1830-1860-- multi-million dollar industry where over 300,000 Virginia slaves were transported south for sale; controversy over which states could legalize it
Tredegar Iron Company
Richmond, VA: example of industries’ shift from White labor to almost exclusively slave labor in order to destroy potential power of organized white workers to strike
Gabriel Conspiracy
1800-VA, Gabriel- knowledgeable black slave, started revolts in hopes that events such as a possible war with France would support their efforts; planned out a revolt, which consisted of seizing Richmond and Charleston; plans discovered + punished
Denmark Vesey Rebellion
1822-SC, another example of a knowledgeable slave who planned to seize southern states in order to revolt; Vesey also quickly discovered and publicly executed by the whites
Nat Turner Rebellion
Turner- slave who claimed visions, believed rebellion was his purpose from G-d; 1831- VA- he and followers went to master Joseph Travis's house--murdered men, women, and children...discovered and executed
southern justification for slavery
the southern justification- legal, historical, religious, and social…sense of propriety
Frederick Douglass
1845- Douglass, a slave who traveled to several pl aces such as Baltimore to Virginia published his narrative about his struggles and life as a slave
Hariet Beecher Stowe
1852- Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published; novel discussed the story of the hardships of a black slave family
Robert Francis Allston
1801-1864: a major rice planter in Georgetown, South Carolina, which was a swampy mosquito- infested tidal area; profitable slave owner who was rich in land and labor and he also served as state senator in SC and governor from 1856-58
J.D.B. De Bow
Southerner who created a journal in 1856 dedicated to trade, commerce, and manufacturing; titled the Review, De Bow believed that slave labor could fuel the industrial revolution
John Flintoff
middle class white farmer; believed that economic, social, and political standing depended on slaves; many whites hoped to purchase at least one slave, especially a female who would bear children, and in turn the owner would climb on the social ladder
Yeoman Farmers
poor farmers who owned no slaves- raised mostly corn, wheat, and enough cotton to make their own clothes; backbone of the south- had a share of political power, including voting overwhelmingly for Andrew Jackson
Herdsman
another group of poorer southern whites who supplied bacon and pork to local slaveholders, and drove herds of hogs to stockyards in Southern counties; supplied the south with its title of raising two-thirds of the nation’s hogs, twice that of cotton
Poor Southern Whites
lived in isolated, inhospitable areas in the south and got most of their livelihood from fishing and hunting; stayed poor because the slave system allowed planter class to have a high amount of land and political power—class tensions, resentment
Plantation Wives
southern women- expected to stay away from slave life and become ‘ladylike’; expected to act as chaste ladies, while their husbands had complete access to slave women
US Constitution’s Acceptance For Slavery
justification of slavery-- stated that slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person for ‘purposes of resentation’; stated that the overseas slave trade was legal and protected and it mandated the return of runaway slaves from state to state
The Underground Railroad
organized by abolitionists; the system was a series of safe houses where runaway slaves could eat, rest, and spend the night before continuing on their journey toward freedom; Harriet Tubman--helped to lead more then 3,000 slaves out of the south
Second Great Awakening
1790’s-1830’s – This was led by Charles G. Finney as revivalism spread throughout upstate New York and the old Northwest. Led to the tremendous growth of Methodists, Baptists and other evangelical denominations
Transcendentalism
A small group of New England intellectuals led by Ralph Waldo Emerson. Believed in experience and truths and told people to look inward and to nature for knowledge.
Election of 1824
Andrew Jackson won the popular vote and the electoral vote, but lost in the House of Representatives. Henry Clay and John Q. Adams orchestrated the “corrupt bargain” as Clay ended up as secretary of state after Adams was elected
New Democratic Party
many politicians from all over the country. Jackson disliked the National bank and paper money.
Election of 1828
A very nasty contest between Adams and Jackson. Politics were not the most popular topic as candidates spent more time bashing each other. Jackson ended up winning a landslide victory.
Jackson's Presidency
saw himself as the people’s most authentic representative. First to use spoils System. Used the power of the veto more than any other president.
Worcester v. Georgia
The Cherokee’s appealed the forced removal, but the Supreme Court backed the state of Georgia
Jackson's Bank War
vetoed the Bank bill that was put up for renewal 4 years early. Jackson still won the election easily on 1832
New Party System
Democrats supported state and local power and had strongholds in the south and west. The Whigs supported a strong national government and had support in the north east and upper Midwest.
Oneida and Shakers
believed in perfectionism, devoted worldly property to the community and devotion to ones labor. They believed that God had two identities
Mormons
Joseph Smith – The Church of Jesus Christ of Ladder Day Saints. Met ridicule and violence and eventually settled in Utah
Reforming Society
Spread the righteousness upon earth by focusing on a specific social evil rather than embracing a whole new religions.
Temperance
Drinking was a huge part of society in the 1830’s and while the temperance movement was ultimately unsuccessful it was the beginning of the decline of per capita drinking.
National Trades Union
1834 – first attempt at a national labor organization . Set goals such as better hours and higher wages
William Lloyd Garrison
published the first issue of The Liberator, which became the leading anti-slavery journal. In 1832 he helped establish the American Anti-Slavery Society. Page 383 (right column) for different approaches that Abolitionist took. Garrison moved away from FD
Women's Rights
Women tried to close houses for prostitution, worked for legally protected equal rights, compared themselves to the oppression of slaves.
Lewis and Clark expedition
dispatched by Jefferson to explore out west and make treaties with Indians
Treaty on joint US
British occupation of Oregon
Spain cedes Spanish territory in US
Florida, southern border (excluding Texas), and claims on the Louisiana Purchase
Louisiana Purchase
bought from France for $15 million, gave all of Louisiana to US, which was all of the middle of the US reaching from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico (map on page 401)
Mexican independence
gained independence from Spain during treaties, but still had fears of US refusing to keep work of not expanding and taking Texas
Santa Fe Trail
gained through the collapse of the Spanish empire and provided a trading route with Mexico, Mexico gave precious metals and furs for manufactured goods from the states
Stephen Austen
American settlement of Texas- portrayed Mexico as an alien civilization in the papers to stir up rebellions amongst American settlers in Texas
Indian Removals
forced Indians to relocate out west, messed up Indian customs and way of life
Mexico abolishes slavery in Texas
was Mexico’s attempt to lessen American influence in Texas because American settlers had slaves
Texas declares independence
Texas fights Santa Anna and his Mexican troops and win their freedom at their battle at San Jacinto, they became a shaky republic and their admission into the Union was declined by Jackson who did not want to risk a war with Mexico
Battles of Alamo and San Jacinto
battles where Texas gained its independence from Mexico
James Polk
president- democratic and wanted the reannexation of Texas and the occupation of the Oregon Territory, idea was opposed by the Whigs because they feared the expansion of slavery and the growth of southern power in Cong. because of addition of slave state
“Manifest Destiny”
God-given right/duty to spread civilization and prosperity (an excuse for expansion)
annexes Texas and sends troops to Rio Grande
Tyler admitted Texas into the Union before Polk won the election so that the issue of annexation of Texas was already solved
attempts to buy upper California and New Mexico
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Mexico declares defensive war
Polk tried to force Mexico to accept American terms by showing them military force which provoked Mexico into declaring a defensive war
US declares war and takes Santa Fe
US won the war and claimed the Rio Grande boundary, California, and New Mexico
Resolution of Oregon question
the Oregon question was a conflict with Great Britain that could possible have lead to a war which no one wanted because of the approaching war with Mexico, eventually Polk agreed to leave Vancouver Island to the British and US got the rest of Oregon
Emigration West
people looking to farm land, mostly families (single men were rare and mostly only went during the Gold Rush), looking for cheap land, religious independence, and better health
Mormon Frontier
Mormons went west to find a place to set up their civilization, settled in Utah and formed a cooperative society where both men and women worked for the good of society
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
US paid $15 million for land from Mexico and guaranteed the civil and political right of former Mexican citizens and their rights to land
California Gold Rush
attracted single men out west and resulted in the intermarriage with local Mexicans because of the lack of American women
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Wilmont Proviso
a proposed amendment to a bill that said "neither slavery no involuntary servitude shall ever exist" in any territories acquired from Mexico
"Free soil" idea
idea of preventing any extensions of slavery, 2 precedents said that congress had the right to do this. Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise.
Popular sovereignty
- leave decisions about permitting slavery to the local territorial legislature.
Free Soil Party
attempt at a third party who consisted of abolitionists to opponents of free blacks moving into western lands
Compromise of 1850
- laws that were not able to be passed as one lump bill were passed separately. Delayed conflict about slavery.
Personal liberty laws
prohibited use of state officials and institutions in the recovery of slaves.
Uncle Tom's Cabin
gave readers an absorbing indictment of the horrors of slavery and its immoral impact on both northerners and southerners
Apathetic Election of 1852
the significance of political parties lessened after reforms. 2 candidates offered very little choice. Very little voter interest
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Use of popular sovereignty to determine slavery or not in the new territories. Ended up sparking armed conflict.
Expansionist America
Attempted to expand legally or illegally in to Mexico, attempted to get Cuba.
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