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Histo 2 Exam 1 MASH
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which Cardiac muscle fibers are smaller, have fewer gap junctions and fewer intercalated discs than regular cardiac muscles fibers? | AV Node |
| How would these specialized cardiac muscle cells function differently than regular cardiac muscle cells? | SLOWER conduction speed through the AV node (.01 m/sec vs. 0.3 m/sec for working atrial muscle) |
| Name the blood vessel described: primary factor in maintenance of normal arterial blood pressure | Arteriole |
| Name the blood vessel described: Endothelium usually the most responsive to histamine and so is very important in the inflammatory response | Venules |
| Name the blood vessel described: Often associated with phagocytic cells | Discontinuous Sinusoids |
| The Atheromatous plaque begins in the A_________(layer) of the B._________ (vessel) | A. Tunica Intima B. Arteries (Usually med size) |
| What is the function of the basal cell in the olfactory mucosa? | PRECURSORS – replaces bipolar neurons and supporting cells |
| Which chronic obstructive airway disease is characterized by thickened bronchial walls caused by an increase in smooth muscle and mucous glands? | Chronic Bronchitis |
| Omitting surfactant, diagram and label the components of the blood-air barrier in the respiratory alveolus. | Air -> type I pneumocyte with its basal lamina -> basal lamina of endothelium -> endothelium -> (inside of blood capillary)(page 10 notes) |
| What is the function of surfactant? | Coats insdie of Alveoli decreaseing surface tension in alveolus caused by water breaking H-bonds making expansion of alveolus easier and preventing collapse during expiration (allows breathing to occur easier) |
| What are the important functions of elastic in the bronchioles and alveoli? | Facilitates expansion during inspiration, recoil during expiration and prevents collapse |
| What are Peyer’s Patches? | Groups of Lymphoid tissue |
| Where are Peyer's Patches found? | (Ileum of) small intestine |
| Consider the parietal cell of the stomach. How does its cytology relate to its function? | Lots of mitochondria to secrete through gradient, lots of plasma membrane for active transport. Lots of ribosomes, rER, Golgi for production of intrinsic factor that is secreted. |
| Blood in the liver sinusoid comes from A._______ and drains into the B.________. | a.Portal v. b.Hepatic v. |
| What cells secrete proteolytic enzymes into the GI tract? | Pancreatic acinar cells, chief cells |
| Give the specific targets of pancreozymin. | Pancreozymin – acinar cells of pancreas (Release digestive enzymes in response) |
| Give the specific targets of cholecystokinin | Cholecystokinin – smooth muscle of gallbladder (activates smooth muscle contraction) |
| Chylomicrons are formed by the A. ________ cell and are carried away from the small intestine by B._________ | A. Absorptive B. Lymphatic System (lacteals) |
| What cell synthesizes bile? | Hepatocyte |
| What forms the smooth dome-shaped elevations of the dorsal 1/3 of the tongue? | Lymphatic tissue |
| In cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocytes die but can be regenerated. Why does cirrhosis commonly progress to liver failure in spite of the new hepatocytes? | The new cells cannot reform connections with the sinusoids, which results in portal hypertension. |
| By which receptor model would aldosterone likely affect its targets? | Mobile/intracellular receptor model |
| Name the hormones described: Increased blood sugar by gluconeogenesis | Glucagon, Cortisol |
| Name the hormones described: Low levels in infancy result in mental retardation | T3, T4 thyroid hormones |
| Name the hormones described: Increases blood calcium | Parathyroid Hormone |
| Name the hormones described: Stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle | oxytocin |
| Name the hormones described: Decrease blood potassium | Aldosterone |
| Name the hormones described: Decrease the sensitivity of targets to catecholamines | ??? Ask teacher ??? |
| What type of capillaries would be expected in an endocrine gland or in the Kidneys? | Fenestrated Capillaries |
| Which blood vessels are major factors in maintenance of normal arterial blood pressure? | Arterioles |
| Compared to a medium sized artery, a medium sized vein has more A.______ and less B. ________ | A. Collagen B. Smooth Muscles and elastic |
| Which cells of the heart secrete angiopeptins? | Atrial myocytes |
| Which group of cardiac muscle cells has the SLOWEST transmission speed? | Av node |
| Give the components of the parietal pericardium. | Outer dense fibrous layer Inner serous layer |
| Atheroma is a disease of the A. ______ which begins in the B. Tunica _______. | A. Arteries B. Tunica Intima |
| Calcific Valve disease usually affects the ________ valve. | Aortic Valve |
| The bipolar neurons of the olfactory mucosa continuously differentiate from ________ cells. | Basal Cells |
| What is the function of surfactant? | Coats insdie of Alveoli decreaseing surface tension in alveolus caused by water breaking H-bonds making expansion of alveolus easier and preventing collapse during expiration (allows breathing to occur easier) |
| List the layers that oxygen must cross to move from the air space of the alveolus into the blood. | Air surfactant Type I pneumocyte fused basal laminas endothelium lumen of B.V. (blood)(page 10 notes) |
| Smooth muscle is a component of the respiratory tree from the bronchi through the ____________. | Alveolar duct |
| Which chronic obstructive airway disease includes a loss of elastic support in the bronchioles? | Emphysema |
| In cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocytes can regenerate and produce a new population of cells. That being the case, why does cirrhosis often lead to liver failure? | The new cells cannot reform connections with the sinusoids, which results in portal hypertension. |
| What is the fundamental abnormality in Hirschsprung’s disease? | Lack of ganglion cells in the rectum |
| In addition to enzymes, serous salivary glands also secrete________. | IgA, lactoferrin |
| What general activities of the parietal cell are suggested by it cytology? | Lots of surface area and mitochondria for secretion; specifically against a concentration gradient. |
| Consider pancreozymin/cholecystokinin. A. This hormone is secreted by ________________. B. Give its two major targets and the response of each target. | A. Endocrine cells of small intestines B. Gallbladders smooth m. – secretes bile into duodenum Pancreatic acinar cells – secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum |
| The pancreatic duct secretes A. _____ in response to B. _______ | A. Alkaline fluid B. Secretin |
| Name the hormones. Choose your answers from the list provided. Secreted by neuron of the hypothalamus a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | A G |
| Choose your answers from the list provided. Stimulates cells of the kidney to reabsorb water a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | A |
| Choose your answers from the list provided. Under Tonic Inhibition a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | F |
| Choose your answers from the list provided. Stimulates emptying of the mammary gland a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | E |
| Choose your answers from the list provided. Affects mitosis of the epiphyseal disc. a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | C |
| Choose from the list provided. Stimulates the Leydig cells of the testis to secrete testosterone a. Antidiurectic hormone b. Follicle stimulating hormone c. Growth hormone d. Luteinizing hormone e. Oxytocin f. Prolactin g. Somatostatin | D |
| Which portion of the pituitary differentiates from Rathke’s pouch? | Adenohypophysis |
| What is the function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system? | Ensures that concentration of RF or RIF is HIGH enough to stimulate target cells |
| In atheroma, atheromatous plaques form in the A. _____layer of B._____ (vessels) | A. tunica intima B. arteries |
| What are the two main consequences of atheroma in the coronary arteries? | Angina, myocardial infarction |
| Describe the parietal pericardium: The outer layer is composed of A. ______ and the inner layer is composed of B.________ | a. Dense fibrous CT membrane b. Serous membrane |
| What type of capillary would most likely be found in endocrine organs? | Fenestrated Capillary |
| Compare the wall of a medium sized vein with the wall of its companion medium sized artery: The vein has more A._______ and less B._________. | A. Collagen B. Smooth Muscles and elastic |
| In most people, the sinoatrial (SA) node in the pacemaker. What makes it the pacemaker? | Greatest rate of intrinsic depolarization... it starts the impulse that travels through out the heart |
| The atrial and ventricular muscles are connected by the _______ | cardiac skeletal |
| Which chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by bronchoconstriction and excessive mucus production? | asthma |
| In the walls of the respiratory tree, seromucus glands are found from the level of the trachea through the level of the ________ | Bronchi |
| Which cell of the alveolus contributes to the blood-air barrier? | Alveolar type I pnemonocyte |
| The walls of the bronchioles are composed of _________ | Smooth muscle and elastic CT in helical formation |
| In the true vocal cord, the fibroelastic vocal ligament is covered with ________ epithelium | StratGastric-type glandular epith’m B. Prone to ulceration/inflammation and predisified squamous (non-keratinized) |
| Barrett’s esophagus is an example of metaplasia. In the esophagus, this means that the normal epith’m is converted to A.________ B. Why is this matter of concern? | A. Gastric-type glandular epith’m B. Prone to ulceration/inflammation and predisposed to esophageal cancer |
| In cirrhosis of the liver, loss of the normal sinusoidal connections between the portal vein and the hepatic vein results in __________. | Portal Hypertension |
| Describe the histology of the hepatic sinusoid. | discontinuous endothelium and discontinuous B.L. and Kupffer cells (macrophages) |
| How does the structure of the hepatic sinusoid relate to its function? | many large molecules need to move through the tissue and the macrophages are needed to protect against microorgansisms and waste products |
| A. secrete protein cleaving enzymes in the GI tract a. chief b. parietal c. endocrine d. mucus neck k. acinar l. duct Cells of the gallbladder m. duct n. epithelial o. smooth muscle Cells of the liver p. hepatocyte | Cheif, acinar |
| B.secrete HCl: a. chief b. parietal c. endocrine d. absorptive e. paneth f. goblet g. submucosal gland h. endocrine Cells of the pancreas i. acinar j. duct Cells of the gallbladder k. duct l. smooth muscle Cells of the liver | Parietal |
| C.Synthesize chylomicron a. chief b. parietal c. endocrine d. absorptive e. paneth f. goblet g. submucosal gland h. endocrine Cells of the pancreas i. acinar j. duct Cells of the gallbladder k. duct l. smooth muscle Cells of the liver | Absorptive |
| D.Secrete (NOT release) in response to pancreozynmin a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | Pancreatic acinardfssdfsdfsdf |
| Enzymes of the glycocalyx perform the terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrates d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | Absorptive |
| Secrete alkaline products in response to secretin a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | duct cells of gallbladder, duct, submucosal gland |
| Secrete Gastrin a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | endocrine, endocrine cells of pancreas |
| Secrete intinsic factor a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | parietal |
| I. Smooth muscle constricts in response to cholecystokinin a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | smooth muscle |
| Synthesizes lysozyme a.chief b.parietal c.endocrine d.absorptive e.paneth f.goblet g.submucosal gland h.endocrine Cells of the pancreas i.acinar j.duct Cells of the gallbladder k.duct l.smooth muscle | paneth |
| A steroid hormone is likely to affect its target via the _______ receptor model. | mobile/intracellular |
| Rathke’s pouch gives rise to all components of the ________ | Adenohypophysis |
| The nerve cell bodies of cells secreting oxytocin are located _______ | Hypothalamus |
| Which blood vessel is primarily responsible for the maintainence of normal arterial blood pressure? | Arteriole |
| Describe the tunica media of an elastic artery. | Alternating sheets of smooth muscle and elastic |
| What portion of the conducting system pierces the cardiac skeleton? | Av Node |
| What would happen if the Av Bundle is damaged? | There would be no conductance to the ventricles... the atria and ventricles would not be able to communicate and they would contract at different times and may go into fibrillation |
| Gallbladder smooth muscle constricts in response to A. _____ which is secreted by B. __________ | A. Cholecystokinin (pancreozymine) B. Endocrine cells of small intestine |
| Which cells of the digestive system secrete: Most of the proteolytic enzymes | Pancreatic acinar cells |
| Which cells of the digestive system secrete: Intrinsic factor | parietal cells |
| Which cells of the digestive system secrete: Bile salts | hepatocytes |
| Present in small intestine, large, or both: A.crypts B.appendices epiploicae C.submucosal glands D.goblet cells E.plica circulares F.paneth cells | A. both B. Large C. Small D. Both E. Small F. Small |
| Present in small intestine, large, or both: G.absorptive cells H.villi I.lymphoid cells | G. Both H. Small I. Both |
| Esophageal varices are a potentially lethal complication of cirrohosis. Why? | Varices can occur in the lumen of the esophagus where they can be easily eroded by gastric acid resulting in hemorrhage. The bleeding is fatal |
| Which lingual papillae contain taste buds? | Circumvallate, Fungiform |
| Which major salivary is primarily composed of serous acini? | Parotid Gland |
| Hormone that stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells in the lacating mammary gland | Oxytocin |
| Hormone that increases blood sugar | Glucagon, Cortisol, Epinephrine |
| Hormone secreted in response to an increase in blood osmolarity | Antidiuretic Hormone |
| Hormone with low levels result in growth and mental retardation | T3 and T4 |
| Hormone with low levels result in diabetes insipidis | ADH |
| Hormone that inhibits secretion of insulin, glucagons, growth hormone | Somatostatin |
| In the respiratory tree, elastic tissue is found from the level of the trachea through the level of the_____________ | Alveolus |
| A. What substance reduces the alveolar surface tension? B. Why is it important? | A. Surfactant B. Allows expansion of alveolus during inspriation and prevents the collapse during exhaltion |
| The true vocal cord is covered by __________ epithelium | Stratified squamous (Non Keratinizing) |
| What is the function of the basal cell of the olfactory mucosa? | The production of new olfactory receptor cells |
| describe and elastic artery A.is primarily responsible for the maintenance of normal arterial blood pressure B.has a pronounced internal elastic lamina C.has abundant elastic in its tunica media D.has abundant smooth muscle in its tunica media | All True |
| How does the cytology of purkinje fibers differ from that of regular cardiac muscle fibers? | Larger cells, more gap junctions, more intercalated discs, increased glycogen, decreased myofibrils |
| The parietal pericardium is non- distensible. Describe why? | Due to the dense fibrous connective tissue in it. |
| Describe the structure of the least permeable capillary | Continuous endothelium and basil lamina w/occluding junctions |
| Which cells of the heart secrete a product which causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and the loss of sodium and water through the kidney? | Atrial myocardial cells (myocyte) secrete atrialpeptins |
| Atheromatous plaques form in the A.______ (layer) of B. ______ (type of vessel). | Tunica Intama Arteries |
| Name two disease processes which cause chronic obstructive airway disease. | Asthma, Emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
| What are the major components of the bronchiolar wall? | Helical Smooth m. and helical Elastic Lamina |
| In the respiratory tree, seromucous glands are found from the trachea through the ___________. | Bronchi |
| Give the targets of pancreozymin and their responses: J. In the pancreas, pancreozymin stimulates the A. _______ cells to B. _________. K. In the gall bladder, it stimulates the C. _______ to D. ______ | pancreatic acinar cells Secrete digestive enzymes smooth muscle to contract RELEASE of bile |
| Terminal digestion of most CHO and proteins is accomplished by ________. | Enzymes secreted by the glycocalyx of absorptive cells in the small intestine |
| Neutralization of the acid ph in the distal ileum is accomplished by A. _____ (product) secreted by B. _______ cells. | secretion of intestinal fluid (alkaline) Undifferentiated |
| Which of the following are characteristic of the: Small Intestine a. Villi b. Crypts c. Paneth Cells d. Tenia coli | Villi, Crypts, Paneth Cells |
| Which of the following are characteristic of the: Large Intestine a. Villi b. Crypts c. Paneth Cells d. Tenia coli | Crypts, Tenia Coli |
| What is the function of the lacteal? | Lymphatic vessels that collect cholomicrons from absorbing cells in small intestine |
| Which lingual papillae contain taste buds? | Fungiform, circumvillate |
| If the epith’m of the distal esophagus is chronically exposed to gastric secretions it may undergo metaplasia and develop into A. ________. B. Why is this a problem? | Gastric Type Gandular Epith’m Predisposed to cancer and prone to ulceration and inflammation. |
| What structural changes occur in cirrhosis of the liver that cause portal hypertension? | New cells cannot reform connections with sinusoids |
| What cytological characteristics of the gall bladder reflect its function of concentration of bile? | Simple columnar with dense microvillus border and tight junctions |
| The ectodermal diverticulum called Rathke’s pouch gives rise to all components of the _________. | Adenohyphophysis |
| The ectodermal diverticulum called Rathke’s pouch gives rise to all components of the _________. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin are secreted from neurons whose nerve cell bodies are located in _________. | Hypothalamus |
| In normal physiology, antidiuretic hormone is secreted in response to A. ___________ and cause the kidney to B. ___________ | Increase in blood osmolarity sensed by neurons of brain, LOW blood volume sensed by stretch receptors in right atrium and baroreceptors in aorta, pulmonary and carotid aa. Reabsorbs H2O |
| In females, it appears that __________ (hormone) is important in the stress reaction. | Oxytocin |
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