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US hist ch 1
An Unfinished Nation-Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Incas | From Peru. Complex political system, and paved roads. Had a single government. |
| Mayas | Central America and on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Built a sophisticated culture with a written language, a numerical system similar to the Arabic, an accurate calendar, and an advanced agricultural system. Succeeded by the Aztecs. |
| Aztecs | Succeeded the Mayas. developed a harsh religion that required human sacrifice. |
| Tenochtitlán | Aztec capital |
| Greatest food resources of any area of North America belonged to what area? | Easter third of what is now the US. |
| Cahokia | Indian trading center located near present-day St. Louis |
| Changes which encouraged Europeans to look toward new lands. | Rapid population growth, and new governments that were more united and powerful than previously. |
| Preeminent maritime power in 15th Century | Portugal |
| 1st to Encounter "New World" | Spain |
| Christopher Columbus | Niña,Pinta, and Santa Maria. 1492. Landed in Bahamas, then encountered Cuba, and assumed he had reached China. On 2nd voyage left short-lived colony on Hispaniola. 1498, reached the mainland of South America. |
| Vasco de Balboa | crossed Isthmus of Panama, & became first known European to gaze westward upon the Pacific. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | traveled the strait that now holds his name, and proceeded to the Philippines. Died in a conflict with the natives, but his expedition continued without him to become first to circumnavigate the globe. |
| Hernando Cortés | led a small military expedition against Aztecs, and their emperor Montezuma. 1st assault failed, but exposed natives to smallpox making their 2nd assault an easy success. |
| Francisco Pizarro | conquered the Incas in Peru. |
| 1st Spanish settlers in America were only interested in what | the American stores of gold and silver. |
| St. Augustine, Florida | 1st permanent settlement in U.S. |
| Encomiendas | the right to exact tribute and labor from the natives on large tracts of land. Granted to favored Spaniards. |
| Catastrophic Cultural Exchanges | 1st and most profound was the importation of European diseases to the New World. On Hispaniola population dropped from 1 million to around 500. In Mexico, as much as 95% perished within a few years of contact. |
| Savages | uncivilized peoples who could be treated as somehow not fully human. |
| Beneficial Cultural Exchanges | Europeans introduced (sugar, bananas, cattle, pigs, sheep, and the horse). Natives taught agricultural techniques. Europeans discovered (corn, squash, beans, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and potatoes). |
| Mestizos | people of mixed race |
| When did slaves from Africa begin being imported by European settlers? | As early as 1502. |
| Where did most African slaves come from? | a large region below the Sahara, known as Guinea |
| Matrilineal | Tracing heredity through and inheriting property from their mothers. African families tended to be matrilineal. |
| Slave trade in 16th Century | market for slaves increased as a result of the growing European demand for sugar cane. By 1700, slavery had spread into the English colonies to the north. |
| John Cabot | sailed to the Northeastern coast of North America on an expedition sponsored by King Henry VII, in an unsuccessful search for a northwest passage through the New World to the Orient. |
| Incentives for Colonization | interest in colonization grew in part as a response to social and economic problems in 16th century England. Costly European wars, and religious strife within their own land. Food supply declined as population was growing. |
| Mercantilism | the belief that one person or nation could grow rich only at the expense of another, and that a nation's economic health depended, therefore, on selling as much as possible to foreign lands and buying as little as possible from them. |
| Religious Motives of Colonization | resulted from the Protestant Reformation. |
| Martin Luther | challenged some of the basic practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church. Was excommunicated by the Pope, and began leading his followers to leave the Catholic Church entirely. |
| John Calvin | "predestination" Rejected the belief that human behavior could affect one's prospects of salvation. |
| Calvinism | Believed the way they led their lives might reveal their chances of salvation. Calvinism produced a strong incentive to lead virtuous, productive lives. |
| Puritans | Calvinists in England |
| Hueguenots | Calvinists in France |
| King Henry VII | was refused a divorce by the Pope, and broke Europe's ties with the Catholic Church in response. |
| Elizabeth I | severed Europe's ties with the Catholic Church for good. |
| Separatists | The most radical Puritans. Were determined to worship in their own independent congregations. |
| Death of Elizabeth I | Puritan discontent grew rapidly after Elizabeth's death, the last of the Tudors, and the ascension of James I, first of the Stuarts. |
| James I | convinced that kings ruled by divine right, James taxed Puritans, favored English Catholics, and supported "high-church" forms of ceremony. |
| England's 1st experience with colonization | Ireland. Long, brutal process to attempt to subdue the Irish led to the assumption that settlements in foreign lands must retain a rigid separation from the native populations. |
| 1st French Settlement | Quebec. French formed close ties with natives, lived among them, and married Indian women. |
| 1st Permanent English settlement | Jamestown, Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh founded Jamestown, and named it Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, who was known as the "Virgin Queen." |
| English settlements | 1st-Jamestown, VA 2nd-Plymouth Roanoke |
| Roanoke | settlement on island off of NC. When supplies were brought back, island was deserted. Only clue was cryptic inscription "Croatoan" carved on a post. |
| London Group | Got exclusive right to colonize the south |
| Plymouth Merchants | Got exclusive right to colonize the north |
Created by:
marsda2003
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