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2070 Social Psych
Aronson 5th Edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social Psychology | The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people |
| Construal | The way in which people perceive, comprehend and interpret the social world |
| FAE | The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behaviour stems from internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors. (We assume what they're doing is who they are, and not think about the situation) |
| Gastalt psychology | A school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds, rather than the objective physical attributes of the object |
| Social Cognition | How people think about themselves and the social world, more specifically, how people select interpret, remember and use social information |
| Evolutionary Psychology | Attempt to explain social behaviours in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection. |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted the outcome after knowing it has occurred |
| Theory | An organized set of principles that can be used to explain observed phenomena |
| Hypothesis | A testable statement or idea about the relationship between two or more variables |
| Operational definition | Precise statement of how variables are measured or manipulated |
| Observational Method | Researchers observe people and records measurements of their behaviour |
| Ethnography | Researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside without imposing any preconceived notions they might have |
| Interjudge Reliability | Two or more researchers independently come up with the same observation, to ensure that the observations are not one subjective impression from one observer |
| Archival Analysis | Observational method in which the researcher uses documents, archives |
| Correlational Method | Technique whereby researchers systematically measure two or more variables and assess relation between them |
| Correlational Coefficient | Statistic that assesses how well you can predict one variable based on another (eg. height and weight) |
| Experimental Method | Researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions and ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable |
| p-Level | A number calculated with statistical techniques that tells the researcher how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the independent variable; if the probability is less than 5 in 100 results it is chance |
| Internal Validity | Ensuring that nothing other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable |
| External Validity | The extent in which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people |
| Mundane Realism and Psychological Realism | -The extent in which an experiment is similar to real life situations - Extent in which psychological processes triggered in an experiment are similar to one that occur in everyday life |
| Meta Analysis | Statistical technique that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of a independent variable is reliable |
| Cross Cultural Research | Research conducted with members of different culture to see if the psychological processes are present across all cultures or if it's specific to one |
| Basic Research | Studies designed to find the best answer as to why people behave the way they do and that are conducted for curiosity |
| Applied Research | Studies designed to solve a particular social problem, building a theory is secondary to solving the specific problem |
| Schemas | Mental structure people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information that people notice, think or remember |
| Accessibility | Extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgements about the social world |
| Priming | Process in which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | People have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act towards that person, which in turn causes the person to behave consistently which their original expectations |
| Judgment Heuristics | Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently |
| Availability Heuristics | A mental shortcut whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind |
| Representative Heuristics | Mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar is it to a typical case |
| Counterfactual Thinking | Mentally challenging some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been |
| Overconfidence barrier | The barrier that results when people have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments |
| Encode | To express or emit nonverbal behaviour, such as smiling or patting someone on the back |
| Decode | To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behaviour other people express |
| Affect blend | A blend of two emotions in one face |
| Display Rules | Culturally determined rules about which emotional expressions are appropriate to show |
| Emblems | Non verbal gestures that have well-understood definitions (ie. middle finger) |
| Implicit Personality Trait | A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together, (ie. kind also equals generous) |
| Attribution Theory | Description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other's people's behaviours |
| Internal Attribution | The idea that someone is behaving this way because of their personality |
| External Attribution | The inference that the person is behaving this way dude to the situation they are in |
| Consensus Information | Information in which the extent to which other people behave the same way as the actor does towards the same person |
| Distinctiveness Information | Information about the extent to which one particular actors behaves in the same way to the stimuli |
| Consistency Information | Information about the extent in which the behaviour between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances |
| Two-step Process of Attribution | Analyzing another person's behaviour fist by making internal attribution, ad then only then thinking about possibly situational reasons for the behaviour. |
| Self-serving attribution | For one's success we credit internal factors, and for failures we credit external, situational factors for the reason |
| Belief in a just world | Bad things happen to bad people; good things happens to good people |
| Self-schemas | Organized body of knowledge about the self that influence what we notice, think and remember about ourselves. |
| Interdependent View of Self | Defining oneself in terms of one's relationships with others, recognizing that one's behaviour is determined by thoughts, feelings and actions of other people |
| Self-Awareness Theory | Idea that when people focus their attention on themselves they evaluate and compare their behaviour with their internal standards and values |
| Casual Theories | Theories about the causes of one's own feelings and behaviours that we learn from our own culture (absence makes the heart grow fonder) |
| Self Perception Theory | Theory that when our own attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous we infer these states by observing our behaviour and the situation in which it occurs |
| Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation | Doing something because we like it vs. doing something for a reward |
| Over justification Effect | The case whereby people overestimate the extrinsic motivation compared to their own intrinsic motivation |
| Social Comparison Theory | The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves with other people |
| Self-Discrepency Theory | We become distressed when out sense of who we are is different from our personal standards of desired self conceptions |
| Self-Enhancement | An unrealistically positive view of oneself |
| Lewinian Equation | Behaviour = Situation + Disposition |
| Discounting Principle | Behaviour is driven by situation not disposition. Situation is so great that everyone acts the same |
Created by:
jenniferluong
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