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Science Ch. 5 and 6
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Solids | Matter with a definite shape and definite volume. Particles are packed close together. |
Liquids | Matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. Particles move faster than a solid. |
Viscosity | Measurement of a liquids resistance to flow. |
Surface Temperature | The uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid. |
Gases | Matter that has no definite shape or volume. |
Melting | Change of matter from a solid to a liquid. Must have thermal energy applied. |
Freezing | Change from a liquid state to a solid state. |
Vaporization | Change from a liquid to a solid. |
Sublimation | Change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state. |
Deposition | Change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state. |
Molecular Theory | is an explanation of how particles in matter behave. |
Pressure | is the amount of force applied per unit of area. When particles collide with their container, pressure results. |
Pressure and Volume | when the volume is greater, the particles have more room to move (fewer collisions-pressure is less). |
Boyle's Law | states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant. |
Charles Law | states that the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, if the pressure is constant. |
Thermal Energy | is the sum of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up a material. |
Temperature | represents the average kinetic energy of the particles that make up a material. The greater the average kinetic energy of particles the greater the temperature. |
Heat | is the movement of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object. |
Thermal energy is transferred in three ways | radiation, conduction, convection. |
Radiation | the transfer of thermal energy from one material to another by electromagnetic waves. All matter including the Sun transfers thermal energy by radiation. |
Conduction | the transfer of thermal energy between materials by the collisions of particles. Conduction continues until the thermal energy of all particles in contact is equal. |
Thermal conductors | material through which thermal energy flows easily. |
Thermal insulators | material through which thermal energy does not flow easily. |
Specific Heat | amount of thermal energy required to increase the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1 degrees Celsius. All materials have a specific heat. |
Thermal Contraction | is a decrease in a materials volume when its temperature decreases. |
Thermal Expansion | is a increase in a materials volume when its temperature increases. |
Convection | is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of a material to another. Only occurs in fluids. |
Convection Currents | movement of fluids in a cycle because of convection. Convection currents circulate the water in Earth's oceans and other bodies of water. This plays an important role in Earth's climates. |
Heating Appliance | a device that converts electric energy into thermal energy. Examples: curling iron, coffeemakers |
Thermostat | a device that regulates the temperature of a system. |
Refrigerator | device that uses electric energy to transfer thermal energy from a cooler location to a warmer location. |
Heat Engine | a machine that converts thermal energy into mechanical energy. |