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Skel Rad 2 Midterm
NWHSU Skel Rad 2 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define bone scan (bone scintigraphy)? | Very sensitive, not specific and is helpful for determining areas of metabolic activity. |
| What is injected into patient during a bone scan? | Technetium Tc 99M - radioactive tracer |
| What are bone scans useful for detecting? | Acute and stress fracture, Metastasis, Infection, Pagets disease, Child abuse |
| PET scan stands for? | Positron Emission Tomography |
| What is injected into patient during a PET scan? | Signal emitting tagged glucose (FDG) |
| PET scans are sensitive for detecting what? | Cancer - the glucose travels to metabolically active areas) |
| CT scan stands for? | Computed Tomography |
| Ct scan uses ___radiation to obtain ___ sectional images of the body? | Ionizing. Cross |
| What are CT scans useful for detecting? | Fine bony detail, cortical bone, Abdominal stuff (thorax, liver, urinary tract, GI tract, acute head trauma (up to 24 hours) |
| What does DEXA stand for? | Dual Energy X-ray absorption |
| DEXA is most widely used method to measure? | Bone mineral density |
| DEXA is useful for detecting? | Small changes in bone mass |
| What is a DEXA that scans the spine? | Central DEXA |
| What is a DEXA that scans the extremities? | Peripheral DEXA |
| Define T score? | DEXA score- amount of bone compared to a young adult, same gender, with peak bone mass. |
| T score of -1 means? | Normal |
| T score of -1 to -2.5 means? | Osteopenia |
| T score of -2.5 and lower means? | Osteoporosis |
| Define Z score? | DEXA score- Compared the amount of bone with other people in the same age group and of the same size and gender |
| What do Z scores NOT diagnose? | Osteoporosis |
| What makes an MRI work? | Angular momentum makes atoms spin |
| What atom is MRIs favorite? | Hydrogen |
| What happens to protons within our body during an MRI? | When placed in an external magnectic field the protons will line up in horizontal plane and then into a transverse plane |
| Define T1 weighted image? | Short TR/TE, less than 1000msec/20msecs. Good anatomical detail. FAT is BRIGHT (water is dark) |
| Define TE? | Echo time. Time between RF pulse and measurement of energy released. |
| Define T2 weighted image? | Long TR/TE, more than 1000msec/100msec. Myelographic effect. WATER is BRIGHT (fat is dark) |
| Define density ? | Is a measure of the amount of black metallic silver deposited on the emulsion as a result of exposure and development. Measure of the quantity of radiation absorbed by the film. BLACK |
| What are the 4 factors that control density? | mA, time, source image distance, tube film distance |
| Define contrast? | Represents the distribution of black metallic silver over the film. Is the degree of difference between light and dark areas. SHADES OF GRAY |
| What is the factor that controls contrast? | kVp |
| When you go from a 14x17 film to a spot film, you need to increase your mAs ___ | 2x |
| O-C1: Define Platybasia? | Flattening of the skull base. |
| O-C1:What are the complications of Platybasia? | Impingement of neural and vascular structures, syringomyelia of the cord, infraction of the brainstem, Arnold-Chiari malformation. |
| O-C1:Associated anomalies of Platybasia? | Basilar invagination, occipitalization, block vertebrae, Klippel-Feil syndrome. |
| O-C1:What type of scan will evaluate for Playtybasia? | MRI |
| O-C1:Define Basilar Impression? | Superior position of the upper cervical vertebrae with relation to the skull (too close) |
| O-C1: Primary basilar impression? | Congenital. Associated with occipitalization of the atlas, spina bifida occulta of atlas, odontoid abnormalities, cervical block vertbrae |
| O-C1: Secondary basilar impression? | Occurs as a result of bone softening condition, such as Pagets disease, osteomalacia, fibrous dyplasia, rheumatoid arthristis |
| O-C1: Symptoms of basilar impression? | May experience in 3rd/4th decade of life. Occipital headaches, visual disturbances, dysphagia, facial pain, unsteady gait |
| O-C1:What would check on an xray for basilar impression? | McGregors Line and Chamberlains Line |
| O-C1:Arnold-Chiari Malformation-Type I, define? | Most common, most common in females. Headaches and neck pain present |
| O-C1:Arnold-Chiari Malformation-Type I diagnosing? | CT or MRI. Findings are low lying cerebellar tonsils, triangular shaped cerebellar tonsils, and kinking of the 4th ventricle. Xrays may show occipitalization. |
| O-C1:Treatment of Arnold-Chiari? | Enlargement of the posterior fossa. |
| Atlas: Occipitalization of atlas, define? | Congenial synostosis of the atlas to the occiput secondary to failure of separation of the most inferior occipital sclerotome. More common in MALES |
| Atlas: Symptoms of occipitalization of atlas? | Low hairline, short neck, restricted ROM, neck pain |
| Atlas: How can I adjust someone with occipitalization of the atlas? | Alteration of adjustment should be considered as rotation and extension may compromise cord and arteries. |
| Atlas:Define Occipital vertebrae? | When the inferior somites fail to unite to the others, it remains as an extra ossicle |
| Atlas:Define 3rd condyle? | Midline bony projection bridging the anterior aspect of the foramen magnum with the apex of the odontoid process or the anterior arch of the atlas. |
| Atlas:Define paramastoid? | Originates at the jugular process of the occiput and articulates with the TP of C1 |
| Atlas:Define paracondylar? | Originates slightly medial and anterior to the paramastoid process and articulates with the TP of C1 |
| Atlas:Define Epitransverse Process? | Orginates from the TP of C1, projects superiorly and articulates with the occiput |
| Atlas: Paramastoid, paracondylar, epitransverse process are? | Congenital bony bars that bridge the occiput to the transverse process of the atlas |
| Define TR? | Pepetition time. Time between radiofrequency pulses. |
| Define Atlanto-occipital Ossicles? AKA: pro-atlas ossicles/atlanto-occipital ossicles/process of kerckring | Small bony ossicles occuring in the atlanto-occipital space. May lie anterioly, laterally, or posteriorly |
| Define Agenesis of the posterior Arch of Atlas? | Cleft in the posterior a rch/unilateral agenesis/complete agenesis. Dense CT present. |
| If the posterior arch joins the spinous of C2, it produces a? | Mega-spinous |
| Hypoplasia of the posterior arch may present as a thin arch or a short arch, this is called? | Central stenosis |
| Define posterior spina bifida occulta of atlas? | Posterior spondyloschisis of the atlas. Failure of midline ossification of the neural arch which causes |
| What would a radiograph show an absence of in posterior spina bifida occulta? | Spinolaminar junction line |
| On a lateral cervical view, what would you notice about the anterior tubercle in anterior spina bifida occulta of the atlas? | Anterior tubercle appears bulbous and indistinct. |
| When anterior spina bifida occulta is associated with posterior spina bifida, what might occur? | May be an offset of the lateral masses of C1 on C2 |
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