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Psychology Ch. 6
Key Terms Jesus
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is Memory? | The ability to store and retrieve information over time. Note: Memories are constructed by combining information we already have with new informations that comes through our senses. Not Recorded. |
| What is Encoding? | The process by which we transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory. |
| What is Storage? | The process of maintaining information in memory over time. |
| What is Retrieval? | The process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored. |
| What is Elaborative Encoding? | The process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory. Note: associated with lower left part of the frontal lobe and the inner part of the left temporal lobe. |
| What are Semantic judgements? | Require participants to think about the meaning of the words. Ex: Is hat a type of clothing? |
| What are Rhyme Judgments? | Require participants to think about the sound of the words Ex: Does hat rhyme with cat? |
| What are Visual Judgements? | Require participants to think about the appearance of the words. Ex: Is hat written uppercase or lowercase? |
| What is Visual Imagery Encoding? | The process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures. Note: Simonides' Method to create an enduring memory. (TED Talks). Activates regions in the occipital lobe |
| What is Organizational Encoding? | The process of categorizing information according to the relationships among a series of items. Note: grouping or categorizing. Activates the upper surface of the left frontal lobe. |
| What does Survival Encoding do in regards to Darwin's Theory of Evolution? | Survival encoding draws on elements of elaborative, imagery, and organizational encoding. Thinking about information with regard to survival value is more interesting or emotionally arousing making it easier to recall. |
| What is sensory Memory? | A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less. |
| What is Iconic Memory? | A fast-decaying store of visual information |
| What is Echoic Memory? | A fast-decaying store for auditory information. |
| What is Short-Term Memory? | A type of storage that holds non-sensory information for more than a few seconds but less than a minute. Limited to how long and how much information can be held Note: Avg. 15-20 seconds. Can hold 7 meaningful items at once |
| What is Rehearsal? | The process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it. Note: By repeating, you "re-enter" it into short-term memory giving it another 15-20 seconds of shelf life. |
| What is Chunking? | Combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in short-term memory. |
| What is Working Memory? | Active maintenance of information in short-term storage. Note: Acknowledges both the limited nature of this kind of memory storage and the activities that are commonly associated with it. Associated with regions within the frontal lobe. |
| What is Long-Term Memory? | A type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years Note: Has no known capacity limit. |
| What is Anterograde Amnesia? | The inability to transfer new information from short-term store into the long-term store |
| What is Retrograde Amnesia? | the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation. |
| What is Consolidation? | The process by which memories become stable in the brain. Boosted by sleep. Note: over seconds or minutes to longer periods of time: days, weeks, months and years |
| What is Reconsolidation? | Memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to become consolidated again. Note: it might be possible to eliminate painful memories by reconsolidation. |
| What is Long-Term Potentiation? | A process whereby communication across the synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier. |
| What are NMDA Receptors? | A receptor site on the hippocampus that influences the flow of information between neurons by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation. |
| What are Retrieval cues? | External information that helps bring stored information to mind. |
| What is the Encoding Specificity Principle? | The idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded. Ex: you recall things better when you are in the same place you learned it |
| What is State-Dependent Retrieval? | The tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is i the same state during encoding and retrieval Ex: if you study drunk you should take the test drunk for best results |
| What is Transfer-Appropriate Processing? | The idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when the encoding context of the situations match. |
| What is Retrieval-Induced Forgetting? | A process by which retrieving an item from long-term memory impairs subsequent recall of related items. |
| What is Explicit Memory? | The act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences |
| What is Implicit Memory? | The influence of past experiences on later behavior, even without an effort to remember them or an awareness of the recollection. Note: not consciously recalled, but their presence is "implied" by our actions |
| What is Procedural Memory? | The Gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or "knowing how" to do things |
| What is Priming? | An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus. Note: an example of Implicit memory. Suggests that the brain "saves" a bit of processing time after priming |
| What are the Two Types of Priming? | Perceptual Priming: reflects implicit memory for the sensory features of an item. (Visual Cortex) Conceptual Priming: reflects implicit memory for the meaning of a word or how you would and object. (frontal lobes) |
| What is Semantic Memory? | A network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world. Note: hippocampus is not necessary for acquiring new semantic memories |
| What is Episodic Memory? | The collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place Note: only form of memory that allows us to engage in "mental time travel", projecting ourselves into the past and revisiting events that have happened to us. |
| What is Transience? (1/7 sins of Memory) | Forgetting what occurs with the passage of time. Note: Occurs during the storage phase of memory. Think:Hermann Ebbinghaus (Curve of Forgetting) |
| What is Retroactive Interference? | Situations in which information learned later impairs memory for information acquired earlier. |
| What is Proactive Interference? | Situations in which information learned earlier impairs memory for information acquired later. |
| What is Absentmindedness? (2/7 sins of Memory) | A lapse in attention that results in memory failure. Note: Common cause is lack of attention or Divided Attention. |
| What is Prospective Memory? | Remembering to do things in the future. Note: Remembering to Remember |
| What is Blocking? (3/7 sins of Memory) | A failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it. You are experiencing a full blown retrieval failure. Ex: The tip-of-the-tongue experience |
| What is Memory Misattribution? (4/7 sins of Memory) | Assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source. Note: primary cause of eyewitness mis-identifications |
| What is Source Memory? | Recall of when, where, and how information was acquired. Note: People often recall a fact or recognize a person/object but misattribute the source of knowledge Ex: Deja Vu |
| What is Destination Memory? | Remembering who we have told something before. |
| What is False Recognition? | A feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before Ex: Deja Vu |
| What is Suggestibility? (5/7 sins of Memory) | The tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections. Note: People develop false memories in response to suggestions from some of the same reasons of misattribution |
| What is Bias? (6/7 sins of Memory) | The distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences. |
| What are the 3 types of biases? | Consistency Bias: the past to fit the present Change Bias:differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past. Egocentric Bias: exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make yourself look better |
| What is Persistence? (7/7 sins of Memory) | The intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget Note: Usually occurs after disturbing or traumatic incidents. Involves regions of the Amygdala |
| What are Flashbulb Memories? | Detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events. Ex: People remember where and what they were doing during 9/11 |
Created by:
jmccloud
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