click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych Ch. 3 A&B
Term | Definition |
---|---|
biological psychology | concerned with the links between biology and behavior |
neuron | a nerve cell |
sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information |
motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information |
interneurons | neurons that intervene between sensory inputs and motor outputs |
dendrite | branching extension of a neuron that receive messages |
axon | extension of a neuron through which messages are passed |
myelin sheath | layer of fatty tissue that protects and speeds up impluses |
5 action potential | a neural impluse |
1 resting potential | ready to go |
2 dendrites receive messages | if enough nucleus begins firing |
3 depolarization | positive ions come in |
4 threshold | the level of simulation required to trigger an impluse |
6 release of neurotransmitters | result of action potential |
7 hyperpolarization | recharging of the neuron |
8 reuptake | vaccuming up of neurotransmitters |
synapse | gap between axon tip and dendrite |
neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross synaptic gaps |
ACh | muscle action, learning, memory |
ACh +/- | extreme muscle movement/spasms, alzheimers |
Dopamine | emotions, mood |
Dopamine +/- | schizophrenia, tremors/decreased mobility |
Serotonin | mood, hunger, sleep |
Serotonin - | depression |
Norepinephrine | alertness, arousal |
Norepinephrine - | depressed mood |
GABA | inhibitory |
GABA - | seizures, tremors, insomnia |
Glutamate | excitatory |
Glutamate + | overstimulate brain/migraines/seizures |
Endorphins | pain control, pleasure |
Agonist | mimics |
Antagonist | blocks |
nervous system (consists of) | peripheral & central nervous systems |
central nervous system (consists of) | brain & spinal cord |
Peripheral nervous system (consists of) | autonomic & somatic |
nerves | bundled axons |
somatic (controls) | voluntary movements |
autonomic (controls) | self-regulated actions |
autonomic (consists of) | sympathetic & parasympathetic |
sympathetic (controls) | arousal |
parasympathetic (controls) | calming |
reflex | automatic response |
endocrine system | set of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream |
hormones | chemical messengers that affect other tissues |
adrenal glands | arouse the body during stress |
pituitary gland | influences endocrine system & regulates growth |
thyroid gland | metabolism |
lesion | tissue destruction |
EEG | recording of waves of electrical activity |
CT scan | series of X-ray photographs |
PET scane | display of brain activity from radioactive glucose |
MRI | uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy |
fMRI | reveals bloodflow and brain function by comparing MRIs |
brainstem | where the spinal cord meets the cord |
medulla | heartbeat and breathing |
reticular formation | arousal |
thalamus | sensory switchboard |
cerebellum | movement and balance |
limbic system | emotions and drives (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus) |
amygdala | emotion |
pons | sleep and dreams |
hypothalamus | maintenance activities, reward and emotion |
hippocampus | memory and storage |
cerebral cortex | control processing center |
glial cells | support, nourish, and protects neurons |
frontal lobe | speaking and muscle movements & judgements and personality |
parietal lobe | touch and body position |
occipital lobe | visual |
temporal lobe | auditory |
motor cortex | voluntary movements |
sensory cortex | body touch and movement sensations |
association areas | involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking |
broca's area | muscle movement and speech |
wernicke's area | language comprehension and expression |
angular gyrus | visual representations |
aphasia | impairment of language |
plasticity | brain's ability to change |
neurogenesis | formation of new neurons |
corpus callosum | neural fibers connecting the brain hemispheres |
split brain | results from surgery of cutting the neural fibers |
consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
cognitive neuroscience | study of brain activity linked with cognition |
dual processing | information processed on both conscious and unconscious tracks |
soma | cell body |
nodes of ranviet | gap between myelin sheath |
Right hemisphere | creativity |
left hemisphere | language |