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S+P test 1 NWHSU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many spinal segments does an adult and a child have? | 26, 33 |
| How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments does an adult have? | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
| How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments does an child have? | 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 4 coccygeal |
| Where is the first disc located in the spine? | C2~C3 |
| The discs make up ___% of your height? | 25% |
| What are primary curves of the spine? Are they kyphotic or lordotic? | Primary curves have been there since birth. Kyphotic |
| What are secondary curves of the spine? Are they kyphotic or lordotic? | Formed from posture after both. lordotic |
| What are five reason we have curves in the spine? | Balance, strength, stress, weight distribution, motion |
| What plane divides the body in left and right sides? | Sagittal plane |
| What plane divides the body in superior and inferior portions? | Transverse |
| What plane divides the bodys front side and back side? | Coronal |
| How many intervertebral discs are present in the spine? | 23 |
| What are the typical cervical vertebrae? | C3~7 |
| What vertebrae have the uncinate processes? | Cervical |
| What vertebrae have transverse foramen? | Cervical |
| Which vertebral bodies are the smallest in the spine? | Cervical |
| Are cervical vertebra wider side to side or A to P? | Side to side |
| Cervical vertebrae inferior endplates are ______ side to side and ________ A~P. | Convex side to side, concave a to p |
| Uncinate processes are on the _______ endplates of the _______ vertebrae. They are on the _______ 1/3~1/2. | Superior endplates, posterior |
| Because of the Uncinate process the __________ endplates have _________ facets. | Inferior endplates, semi~ lunar facets |
| The Uncinate process and semi lunar facets create a joint called ____________, also known as ____ _______. | Uncovertebral joint or Von Lushka |
| What happens as disc height decreases? | Creates stress forming osteophytes. Also less to IVF stenosis. |
| The pedicals of the cervical spine are small and stall like. they are ____° to the ____________ plane. | 45° sagittal plane |
| Pedicals connect the _________ to the _________ of a vertebra. | Vertebral bodies to articular pillars. |
| The pedicals of the cervical vertebrae form the bottom of the _____________. | Intervertebral foramen (IVF) |
| Pedicles are more ________ shaped in the Cervical spine. | circular |
| Transverse processes of the Cervical spine are _______ shaped. | U Shaped (half-pipe) |
| Transverse processes of the cervical spine are ___° to the sagittal plane and ___° to the caudal plane. | 60° saggital (out) 15° caudal (down) |
| The ______ vertebrae have anterior roots + anterior tubercles and posterior roots + posterior tubercles. | Cervical |
| The transverse foramen is between the anterior and posterior ______. | anterior and posterior roots |
| What passes through the transverse foramina? | Vertebral Artery |
| Osseous bridge joining the posterior arch of C1 to the lateral masses. | Posterior Ponticle |
| What is located between the Pedicle and lamina in the cervical spine? | Articular Pillar |
| The upper half of the articular pillar is called __________ and the lower half of the articular pillar is called the _________. | Superior articular process, inferior articular process |
| Superior facets of the cervical spine face ______ and ________. | upward and posterior |
| Inferior facets of the cervical spine face _______ and ________. | downward and anterior |
| The facet joints of the cervical spine are at a ____° angle with the ________ plane. | 45° with the transverse plane |
| What is another name for facet joint? | Zygopophyseal joint |
| From the pillars, what merges centrally with the spinous process? | Lamina |
| ___-____ _________ is the area where the two laminas of the vertebra meet. From a lateral view it shows up as a white line on an x-ray. | Spino-laminar junction |
| Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes for muscle attachment? | cervical |
| What is the largest or bulkiest spinous process of the Cervical spine? | C2 |
| Central Canal AP minimum dimension for C1, C2, C3, C4-C7? | C1-16mm, C2-14mm, C3-13mm, C4to7-12mm |
| Torg's Ratio says that AP central canal is at least ___% of the AP vertebral body dimension. | 80% |
| C1 is also called the ______. It has _______, __________, ________, ________, and _________ | Atlas, Anterior archs, Posterior archs, Anterior tubercle, Posterior tubercle, and Lateral masses |
| Anterior arch of C1 makes up __/__ of the foramen. | 1/5 |
| What articulates with C2 Odontoid process? | Fovea Dens |
| Each lateral mass of C1 makes up _/_ of the arch. | 1/5 each |
| What connects the occiput to C2? | Lateral masses of C1 |
| lateral masses of C1 angle _____ anteriorly. | inward (lateral to medial) |
| The lateral masses of C1 have ______ for the transverse ligament. | tubercles |
| The posterior arch of C1 makes of _/_ of the ring. | 2/5 |
| Which part of C1 has the groove for the vertebral artery, vein, and 1st cervical nerve? | Posterior Arch |
| Steele's law of thirds means 1/3 of C1s foramen goes to ____, 1/3 to ____ and 1/3 to____. | Dens, Cord, left over space |
| The transverse ligament divdes anterior _/_ from posterior _/_. | 1/3 from posterior 2/3 |
| What are two other names for C2? | Axis and Epistropheus |
| Body is of C2 thicker _____ to _____ than ____ to ___. | top to bottom than A to P |
| What is another name for Dens of C2? | Odontoid process |
| C2 Pedicles are covered by _______. | superior facets |
| Which Cervical vertebra has the larges laminae? | C2 |
| C2 Transverse process is not ____ unlike C3-C7. | Bifid (single tubercle) |
| C2 has no articular pillar, instead it has a space between the superior facet and inferior facet called ___________. | pars interarticularis (pars) |
| Superior facets of C2 are large round and domed. They face ____ and _______. | up and lateral |
| Inferior facets of C2 face _______ and ______. | down and lateral |
| What is the larges spinous process of the cervical vertebrae? | C2 (first palpable SP, bifid) |
| C7 is also known as the vertebral _________. | prominens (very prominent, stays out when you palpate 6 and 7 and extend your neck back while 6 looses contact) |
| Second largest TPs in the C-Spine belong to C_? | C7 |
| T7 has no ______ tubercle while it has a large _______ tubercle. | anterior, large posterior tubercle |
| the foramen in C7 is small because it only contains the vertebral ____ and not the vertebral _____. | vein, and not the artery. |
| The Atlantodental Interspace in kids should be no bigger than ___mm and no bigger than ___mm in adults. | 5mm in kids, 3 mm in adults |
| 3 reasons for a bigger than normal Atlantodental Interspace | Trauma (Dens fracture), rheumatoid arthritis, or agenesis (born that way) |
| When uncinate process are bent outward in x-rays like a mad cats ears that is called what? | uncovertebral arthritis |
| Wolfs Law discs degenerate/increased stress=_________ | increased bone (osteophytes "spurs") |
| Thoracic spine has a ________ curve, sometimes with slight convexity to the ______. | kyphotic curve, right |
| Thoracic spine makes up ___% of the cord length | 75% |
| Thoracic cage is made up of __ vertebrae, ___ ribs, and the ______. | 12, 12, sternum |
| Costal and Demi facets on posterior VB articulate with the ________ of the rib. | head |
| Costal facets on the TP of the Thoracic vertebrae articulate with the _____ of the rib. | tubercle |
| SPs of the thoracic vertebrae point ______ and are ________. | downward and are imbricated. |
| The longest SPs of the spine are T_-_ | T5-8 |
| Which vertebrae have the smallest IVF's and central canal. | Thoracic |
| Typical thoracic vertebrae have a ____ shaped body. More ______ in upper, more _____ in lower. | heart, rectangular in upper, kidney in lower |
| Thoracic vertebrae have concave ______ and _______ surfaces. | anterior and lateral |
| How many facets does a thoracic vertebra have and how many processes? | 10 facets, 7 processes |
| Typical thoracic vertebral body height is _-_ mm shorter _____. | 1-2mm shorter anteriorly |
| When endplates aren't fully ossified and look rigid on x-rays the patient has ________ disease. This can lead to ___________ | Scheuermans Disease. Disc herniation |
| Thoracic pedicals originate from ____ _/_ of body causing it to be notched _________. | upper 1/3, inferiorly |
| Thoracic pedicals project ________ while cervical and lumbar are closer to __°. | straight back, 45° |
| Superior articular pillars of the thoracic vertebrae face ________, _______ and slightly _______. | posterior, superior and (slightly lateral 20°) |
| Inferior articular pillar of the thoracic vertebrae face _______, ________ and slightly ________. | inferior, anterior, and (slightly medial 20°) |
| Thoracic SAPs and IAPs project from the _______. (Junction of pedicle and lamina) | pars |
| SAPs and IAPs of the thoracic spine are __° to the ________ plane. | 60° to the horizontal plane |
| Thoracic laminae are thick, broad, and ________. | imbricated |
| Interlaminar space on x-rays is ______ shaped for T-Spine and ______ shaped for l-spine | kidney bean, and oval for lumbar |
| TPs of the thoracic spine originate at ____, they are thick club like and they _______ in size from T1-T12. | pars, decrease |
| The oval facets on the thoracic TPs are ______ shaped in mid thoracic and _____ in lower thoracic | cup shaped in mid thoracic (rotation), flat in lower (sliding) |
| Atypical thoracic vertebrae include ____ | T1, T9-12 |
| T1 body is more ________ like cervicals_ | rectangular |
| T1 has full costal facets on ______/______ body | posterior/superior |
| Sp of T1 is straight and dorsal or _______. | anticlinal |
| T9 has a large ______ for 9th rib. May or may not have demifacets for ___ rib. | demifacet, 10th |
| T10 usually has no ______. Its the only vertebra that articulates with rib 10 meaning it has a single _____ facet. TPs may or may not have ___________. | Demifacets, costal facet, Costal facets |
| T11 has the costal facet on the VB and ______. It has no costal facet on TP. Its SP is ______. | pedicle, anticlinal |
| T12 costal facet is on side and _______. Hardly any TP. SAP is _____ and IAP is round and convex. IT faces ______ and __________ while normal thoracic vertebrae face ______ and _______. | T12 costal facet is on side and pedicle. Hardly any TP. SAP is typical and IAP is round and convex. IT faces anterior and laateral while normal thoracic vertebrae face anterior and medial. |
| Thoracic spinal canal is _____ then _____ near the lumbar spine. | round then triangular |
| ____ rib is the longest. | 7th |
| Ribs 8-10 _______ in length. | decrease |
| Ribs have ________ joints and costovertebral joints. | costotransverse joints. |
| Costal cartilage is made of ________ cartilage. | hyaline |
| What is the name of a concave chest where the ribs slope up? What can happen from a mild case? A bad case? | Pectus Excavatum, mild case-rib outs, bad case-surgery |
| Fibro Dysplasia is common on ribs but can happen anywhere. What does it cause? | enlarged ribs |
| Lumbar vertebral bodies are _______ shaped. | kidney |
| Lumbar vertebra are _____ side to side than A to P | wider |
| Compare anterior body height and posterior body height of L1 and L2 | Anterior is shorter than posterior |
| Compare anterior body height and posterior body height of L3. | They are the same height. |
| Compare anterior body height and posterior body height of L4 and L5 | Anterior is taller than posterior |
| Pedicles in the Lumbar spine are short and strong. They extend from the upper _/_ of the VB. | 1/2 |
| The L1 and L2 pedicles extend back at what angle? | straight back |
| the L3-5 pedicles extend back at what angle? | 45° |
| Pedicles are widest apart in the _____ spine. | Lumbar (Widest at L5) |
| Laminae in the lumbar spine are ______ and ____. They are not _______. | short and broad. not imbricated (large oval interlaminar space on x-ray |
| Transverse processes are widest at L_. | L3 |
| lumbar TPs project ______ and _____ from pedicles. (some pars) | lateral and posterior |
| SPs in the lumbar spine are thick and large. They are ________ shaped. Tip of SP is ____-like. | Quadrangular, club-like |
| Lumbar superior facets face ______ and ____. | posterior and medial. (concave surface) |
| Lumbar inferior facets face _______ and __________. | anterior and lateral |
| Facets in the upper lumbar spine look like _______ and lie within the ______ plane. | an inverted J and are in the sagittal plane |
| Facets in the lower lumbar spine change to the ________ plane | coronal |
| What is it called when one lumbar facet is in the sagittal plane and the other in the coronal. This is fairly common | Facet tropism |
| The lumbar mammillary process extends ___ from ______. | posteriorly from SAP |
| What is the point of contact when adjusting the lumbar spine? | Mammillary process |
| What is the tiny and difficult to detect process at the TP base of the lumbar spine? | accessory process |
| What is the accessory process an attachment point for? | MAL (Protects the medial branch of the dorsal ramus nerve root) |
| What are two names for the bone between the SAP and IAP of the lumbar spine? | Pars Interarticularis or Isthmus |
| In L1-L2 the ___ is below the Pars. | IAP |
| In L3-5 the _____ is below the lamina | IAP |
| L5 has a prominent _______ impression on the _________ endplate. | nuclear impression on the inferior endplate |
| Pedicles in the Lumbar spine have something called the _______. It is a sloped contour on the medial aspect. It allows for exit of nerve roots. Most pronounced at L5. | Lateral Recess |
| Very small spurring at the anterior vertebral body corners (pre-osteophyte) | spondylolosis |
| Break in pars interarticularis (can be unilateral or bilateral) What is it caused by | Spondylolysis, severe trauma or repetitive microtrauma |
| Forward slip of the vertebral body One cause? | Spondylolisthesis, pars defects |
| Backwards slip of vertebral body | retrolisthesis |
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T1NWHSU
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