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Koch - Psych Vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Fundamental Attribution Error | underestimating situational influences when evaluating the behavior of someone else |
| Cognitive Dissonance Theory | the discomfort (guilt) caused by holding two contradictory beliefs or performing an action contradictory to our beliefs causes us to change our attitude to match our actions. |
| Social Inhibition | the presence of others diminishes quality of performance at a difficult tasks |
| Normative Social Influence | to tasks to avoid rejection or gain social approval |
| Informational Social Influence | accept others' opinions about reality |
| Group Polarization | group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view and produces a shift toward a more extreme decision in that direction |
| Prejudice | an attitude based on a prejudice |
| Just-World Phenomenon | the belief that the world is fair so if something bad happens to a person, they must deserve it |
| Frustration-aggression principal | the principal that frustration creates anger that leads to aggression |
| Determinants of Attraction | proximity, physical attractiveness (average features, age in men, youth in women, etc), similarity |
| Altruism | "unselfish regard for the welfare of others" TO HELP we must: notice, recognize, and assume responsibility |
| Reciprocity Norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Factors that Affect Conformity (7) | insecurity, the group is unanimous, lack of previous commitment, members of the group are respected, communal culture, someone is watching you, three or more people in the group |
| Self-serving bias | the desire to protect your ego leads us to credit our success to our disposition, but our failiours to our situations |
| Effort Justification | the tendency to find something more attractive if you have to work hard to achieve it |
| Social facilitation | the presence of others enhance performance at a well-rehearsed or easy skill |
| Social Loafing | the presence of others diminishes performance due to diffusion of responsibility |
| Groupthink | members of a group emphasize concurrence at the expense of critical thinking when arriving at a discission |
| Discrimination | acting on your prejudice |
| Memory Bias | tendency to remember things that support our bias |
| Social Trap | situations in which the conflicting parties become caught in mutually destructive behavior (tragedy of the commons) |
| Passionate vs. companionate love | Passionate: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another Companionate: |
| Bystander Effect | the presence of others decreases the likelihood that we will respond, because we don't assume responsibility |
| Superordinate goals | cooperation towards such a goal (defined as being bigger than one group) can lead to peace (cherif's boy scout study) |
| Factors that Affect Obedience (4) | a well respected/prestigious authority, the "distance" between you and the subject, physical proximity of authority figure, lack of model of defiance to copy |
| FITD phenomenon | the tendency for people tho agree to a small request to comply later with a larger one |
| Central and peripheral routes to persuasion | Central:focus on content and logic of message (the argument) Peripheral: encouraged to not look at the content of the message, but at the sorce (the brand or how funny the ad is) |
| Deindividuation | the presence of others makes on act in unrestrained ways |
| Stereotype | over-generalized belief |
| Self-fulfilling prophecy | the tendency to become or appear to become what someone else believes about you |
| Ethnocentrism | tendency to judge another's group souly on the basis of your own group's values and standards |
| Mere Expose Effect | increased exposure to something causes us to like it more |
| Equity and self-dsiclosure | Equity:a condition in which people recieve from a relationship in proportion to what they give Self-Disclosure: revealing personal aspects of oneself to another |
| Social Exchange Theory | true altruism doesn't exist; helpful behavior occurs when the benefits outweigh the costs |
| GRIT (Remember what it stands for!) | (Graduated and Reciprocated Initatives in Tension-Reduction) Conflicting parties start with small conciliatory acts and gradually increase until peace is achieved (End of Cold War) |
| Types of Internal Conflict | Approach-approach: choice must be made between two attractive choices Avoidance-avoidance: choice between two unattractive choices Approach-avoidance: a choice about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects |
| Role-Playing | subjects who play a role often being to "become" the role |
| Availability heuristic | tendency to assume that things that come to mind quickly are more common then they are |
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